The Status Of The Arabic Language

The Status Of The Arabic LanguageArabic is mavin of the widespread spoken dictions among Arab speakers, especi eithery in the Middle East and North Africa and its considered the central terminology of Semitic spoken languages much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Hebrew and Aramaic languages (Zeina, 2008). Arabic is spoken by more than 280 million people as a first language and by 250 million as a second language. Regardless of the different varieties, at that place are lead elementary Arabics. To put it clearly, there are three types of Arabic the classical language, the modern standardised language and colloquial language (Zeina, 2008, Gonzalo, 2005). The first genius is the language of the Holy Quran which is used by all Muslim people who perform their prayers or read the Holy Quran whether they understand what they read or non (Zeina, 2008). As for the Modern Standard Arabic, it was derived from the chaste Arabic and it is widely used in formal situations such as schools, u niversities, courts, government and the media. Regarding the last one, it is substantially used in daily life situations and activities among people.Arabic language is different from otherwise languages it has a system of its own ( ski binding Walter Tim, 2004). It consists of 28 letters, 25 of them are harmonious letters and the other three are vowel sound with child(p)s (Hattami, 2010). on that point is not capital letters and small letters. Moreover, it has a unique and different style because it starts from right to left in both reading and writing. (Zeina, 2008).The relationship among Arabic and other languages such as Hebrew, slope, Spanish, Sicilian, and other European languages is a strong related one. It is common that languages borrow some lexical items from one another. Arabic has borrowed many delivery from side and other languages and other languages have done the same thing as well (wajih, 1991). In other words, Arabic has borrowed words from many languages, including Hebrew, Persian and Syriac in early centuries, Turkish in medieval times and contemporary European languages in modern times.In short, the Arabic language is a common language among Arab speakers and its roots have been taken from the Holy Quran which is considered the source of all literary works and poetry in the Arab origination and all linguists refer to it when they search for some explanations of some words and meanings. Moreover, Arabic with its different writing system and varieties, it has a real and close affaire to other languages, especially English.In this written assignment, I entrust be briefly touching on certain points. Firstly, the description of vowels and consonants found in the Arabic and English languages, and the comparison between them. Secondly, some problems that learners of the Arabic language might have in skill English.In spite of the similarities between the consonantal systems of English and Arabic, there are some differences in some aspe cts. For example, the Arabic language has uvular deceases Ghain / /, Qaaf, //, and Khaa //, the pharyngeal sounds Ain // and Haa // (Harakat, 1998), and emphatic sounds cardinal plosives, / / and / /, and dickens fricatives, / / and / (Al-Muhtaseb et al., 2000 Ouni et al., 2005 Selouania and Caelen, 1998). These sounds actually give the Arabic language its own distinctive property. Since each language has its own system, as mentioned in a spirited uper place, Arabic and English share common consonant sounds and some restricted-language sounds.(Eid, 2006).1-Arabic consonant soundsThe Arabic language has some consonant sounds that are not existed in the English language. In fact, there are 28 consonants in Arabic, octette stops, thirteen fricatives, one affricate, two nasals, two liquids and two glides (Mousa M. A mayreh, 2003). The followers table illustrates the place, manner, and voicing of Arabic consonants. Consonant Chart for Arabic2-English consonant soundsIn English p honetics we describe consonants check to three criteria place of articulation, manner of articulation and voicing. in that location are 25 consonants in English, six stops, nine fricatives, two affricates, three nasals, two glides, and two liquids. (Eid, 2006). The following table illustrates the place, manner, and voicing of English consonants.Consonant Chart for English3- Comparison of English and Arabic consonantsThis part is a comparison between English and Arabic consonants. Some tables and other illustrations are provided infra3.1 StopsBased on the tables above, one can clearly say that there are eight plosives in Arabic b,d,t,k,d,t,q,? term there are six plosives in English ph,b,t,k,d,g. The English language lacks the equivalents of the Arabic emphatics d, t , the uvular q and the glottal stop ?. On the other hand, the Arabic language also lacks some equivalents of the English plosives ph, g. The result of such difference results in some difficulties for students and sp eakers. As we will see later(prenominal) on, the difficulties that face Arab learners towards pronouncing vowels and consonants. The following table summarizes the difference between Arabic and English plosives with IPA symbols.3.2 FricativesThe English language has nine fricatives in the labio-denteal interdental, dento-alveolar and glottal lands i.e. most of its fricatives are in the front half of the vocal tract, while the Arabic language has thirteen ranging from the labiodental to the glottal areas. In addition to that, it also has parts of uvular x, and pharyngeal fricatives h, as well as two emphatic ones (Eid, 2006). The following table summarizes the difference between Arabic and English fricatives with IPA symbols.3.3 AffricatesThere are two basic affricates in English a voiceless post-alveolar affricate th and a voiced post-alveolar affricate d3 while Arabic has only one affricate, a voiced post-alveolar one d3 (Hattami, 2010). However, some Arabic dialects, such as the Iraqi one, have th sound and this helps Iraqi learners speak words containing such sound properly. (Andrzej Rouag, 1993, Hattami, 2010).3.4 NasalsThe English language has three nasal sounds m,n,g while Arabic has only two m,n (Hattami, 2010). That is, the Arabic language lacks the g sound which is considered an allophone of n before velar and uvular stops, as inEnglish and Arabic have the same m and this doesnt cause problems. On the other hand, n is alveolar in English while it is dental in Arabic.English and Arabic nasal sounds3.5 ApproximantsThere are three differences between the approximants of Arabic and English. First, English has the nasal sound g while it is not found in the Arabic language. Second, r in Arabic does not follow the approximants but the un-sustained or R-sound (Odisho, 2003b). Third, the English approximant r causes problems for Arab learners.3.6 LateralsThere is only one lateral sound in English l while the Arabic language has two non-emphatic one l an d emphatic one L (Andrzej Rouag, 1993, Hattami, 2010), as in3.7 FlabThe phonemic system of English language does not have the so-called flap sound. However, the system of the Arabic language may be a source of substitutions for the English / r/s. (Andrzej Rouag, 1993, Hattami, 2010)4. Consonantal problems Arab learners face in learning EnglishSince each language has a sound system and regardless of the similarities between these languages, there, indeed, must be some differences which cause problems for learners of languages. Thus, once the Arab learners are willing to learn the English language, they may drive unconscious mistakes resulting from either the interference of the two languages or unawareness of the sound systems of each language or the inexistence of certain sounds. (Hattami, 2010) A list of such problems is draw below/p/ as stated earlier, English has the consonant aspirated sound /p/, and /b/, whereas there is only /b/ // in Arabic. In the result, Arab learners m ay not be able to differentiate between these two sounds and make mistakes when pronouncing them and replace /b/ in replace of /p/. For instance, / picture/ / bicture/./g/ the standard Arabic does not consider /g/ as a fixed sound in its sound system, but in some Arabic dialects, this sound is considered such as the Egyptian dialect. Mostly, all Arab learners of English face difficulty in differentiating between them, and they substitute the Arabic /k/ for the English /g/. For example, / spirited/ / kame/./ t/ this sound is not also existed in the sound system of standard Arabic. However, it can be found in some Arabic dialects such as the Iraqi dialect. The counter-consonant in standard Arabic is /k/. Arab learners of English may have problems in the sound / t/ and they may tend to simplify this sound to / / .Consequently, this results in wrong pronunciation of / t/. For example, chair- shair./ / In some cases, the simplification of / d/ to / / is also found. Some Arabic dialects accept this sound such as Syrian and Lebanese ones. Speakers may simplify / / to / / such as / / / / ./ / doesnt exist in Arabic at all, in English, it has a restriction on occurrence it doesnt occur initially. It only occurs medially and finally. For example, finger and sing. Consequently, an Arab student who learns English is strongly conditioned by the context in which allophone // occurs and will tend to cut in the conditioning /k g / such as Singing -Think .ConclusionI have presented a brief comparison between the consonant systems of English and Arabic. I have also listed some problems in pronouncing individual consonants faced by Arabic speakers and learners of English. According to (Hattami, 2010), the remedial solution can be fixed on teachers. Teachers have to be fully aware of the two sound systems and then prepare remedial drills and train students to avoid such problems in learning and speaking.Arabic consonants. Adopted from (Hattami, 2010)English consonants. Adopte d from (Hattami, 2010)2- Arabic and English VowelsLike consonants, English and Arabic have different systems of vowels. They share three common vowels / / while English is characterized by four own vowels / / and only one vowel is restricted to Arabic/ /. Moreover, a laconic overview of the vowel systems of each language will be outlined below and then a comparison will also be provided.2.1 Arabic vowelsThe Arabic vowel system has six vowel sounds, three short vowels and three long ones. (Eid, 2006). These are outlined below2.1.1 unforesightful vowels Fatha the first short vowel in Arabic. Fatha is a diagonal chance event written above the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation. Its pronounced like A in English. For example, the Arabic consonant = b in English, if we put the Fatha above the consonant , it will produce the sound = ba in English. Another example is /Bat/. Damma the second short vowel in Arabic. Damma is an apostrophe-like shape written above the consonant wh ich precedes it in pronunciation its pronounced like o or u in English. For example, if you put Damma above the consonant , it will produce the sound and pronounce like /bo/ in the word / but /. Kasra The third short vowel in Arabic is Kasra. Kasra is a diagonal stroke written below the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation, its the only short vowel that comes under the consonants, if we put under the sound it will be pronounced like /be/ in English. Another example is / bit /.2.1.2 Long vowelsLong vowels in Arabic are Alif / / which is pronounced like /aa/ in English , Waw / / which is pronounced like /uu/ in English , and / / which is pronounced like /ii/ in English. Alif / / comes in three various situations front, central, and back. For example, in the word which means door in English, the /aa/ is front vowel. A central vowel like bar, and back vowel like low. Another example is the English word / father / and / bat /.-Waw / / the second long vowel in Arabic, i ts pronounced like /uu/ in English. For example which means blueberry and is pronounced as /toot/ in English. Another example is the word / moonlight/.-Ya / ii / the third long vowel in Arabic, we can pronounce it like /ii/ in English. For example which relates to s/body Arabic, and pronounce /arabii/ in English. Another example is the word / sheep/.As for diphthongs and tripthongs, linguists are reluctant to accept the existence of these sounds in Arabic. (Odisho, p, 49).Arabic NameArabic RomanizationVowelfatha(t)opening (of lips)a curtly AaAs in accept, ascendalif mamdooda(t)extended alif aaLong AAs in man, cankasra(t)breaking (of sound)iShort IiAs in sit, hityaaextended yaa eeLong IAs in feel, dealdamma(t)joining (of lips)uShort UuAs in put, footwaaw mamdooda(t)extended waaw ooLong UAs in sure, roofsukoonstillnessNo following vowelAs in stay, dragShort and long Arabic vowels in Arabic2.2 English vowelsThe English language is rich in vowels, both unsophisticated and diphthong s. Simple vowels are divided into short and long. As it is shown in tables below, we have six short vowels and five long vowels while there are eight diphthongs.(Eid, 2006).They are produced when airstream is voiced through the vibration of the vocal cords. Vowel consonants can be classified as vowel tongue height (close, mid, open) by raising or lowering the tongue vowel tongue position(front, center, back) by advancing the body of the tongue and lip rounding(spread, natural, and rounded).MonophthongsShortLongFrontBackFrontCentralClosehttp//www. Englishlanguageguide.com/ slope/images/ipa/ipa_i.jpghttp//www. inclinelanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_u.jpghttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ii.jpgMidhttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_e.jpghttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_a.jpghttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ee.jpg string outhttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ae .jpghttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_o.jpghttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_aa.jpgLips by and large spread. Tongue lax with less tension than / i /Bid))http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_i.jpgLips loosely spread and slightly wider apart than / /(bed)http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_e.jpgLips neutrally open and slightly wider apart than / e /Bat))http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ae.jpgLips loose, but closely rounded. Tongue not as tense as in / u /(good)http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_u.jpgLips neutrally open. Open jaws. Centralized quality.(cut)http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_a.jpgOpen lip-rounding, wide open jaws, back of tongue low.(pot)http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_o.jpgLips spread. Tongue tense (front raised) with sides touching upper molars. (bead)http//www.englishlanguageguide .com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ii.jpgLips neutrally spread. Tongue slightly higher than // (no firm contact with upper molars). (girl)http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ee.jpgLips neutrally open and jaws far apart. Centre to back of tongue fully open. (car)http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_aa.jpgLips closely rounded. Back of tongue high. Tense compared with //. (booed)http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_uu.jpg ordinary lip rounding. Tongue drawn back making no contact with upper molars.(bought)http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_oo.jpgLips in neutral position. Centralized. Tongue slightly higher than in //. (teacher)http//www.btinternet.com/ted.power/ph07.gifDiphthongsClosingCenteringto /http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_i_bg.jpg/to /http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_u_bg.jpg/ kickoff closehttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ie .jpg http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ue.jpgStarting midhttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ei.jpg http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_oi.jpghttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_eu.jpghttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ee3.jpgStarting openhttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ai.jpghttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_au.jpghttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ei.jpgBay, sayhttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_oi.jpgBoy, foilhttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ai.jpgReply, highhttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_eu.jpgToe, showhttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_au.jpgCow, howhttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ie.jpgBeer,http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ue.jpg youngsterhttp//www .englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ee3.jpgBear,3- Comparison of English and Arabic vowels3.1- Front vowelsIn the English sound system there are five phonemes. On the other hand, Arabic has four phonemes.EnglishArabictwo in the high area/ I / higher high and /i/. lower hightwo in the high areaone in the mid area/e/.two in the low area/ / high long,/ /. High shorttwo in the low area3.2- Back vowelsEnglish has five phonemes while Arabic has only two.EnglishArabictwo in the low area/ / low, low, back / / higher low backTwo back phonemesOne in the mid area/ / mid backTwo in the high area/ / lower high back / /higher high back.3.3- Central vowelsEnglish has two central vowels while Arabic has no central vowels.EnglishOne mid-central/ /Non-mid central/ /4- Problems Arab learners encounter in vowels/http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_a.jpg/, most Arab learners pronounce the /http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_a.jpg/ sound, which pr oduces when the tongue is more central and the lips are relaxed, as /http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ae.jpg/ preferably of /http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_a.jpg/. For example, the word cup as /khttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ae.jpgp/ instead of /khttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_a.jpgp/./http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_e.jpg/, Arab speakers tend to lengthen the short vowel /http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_e.jpg/, as in the words pet and men./http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_i.jpg/, which is produced when the tongue is more front and little high. For example, the word sit which pronounce as /set/ instead of /shttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_i.jpgt/./http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_au.jpg/ which supposed to pronounce by using the tongue central, then tig htly round the lips. For example, the word note /nhttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_o.jpgt/ instead of the correct pronounce /nhttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_au.jpgt/./http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ei.jpg/, which produces when the tongue moves from front center to front high. For example, the word late, Arabic speakers pronounce it like /let/ instead of /lhttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ei.jpgt/./http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ie.jpg/, tongue high and front then move to center. For example, the word beer as /be(r)/ instead of /bhttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ie.jpg(r)/./http//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_oo.jpg/, which produced by moving the tongue low, back and fixed. Jaws together. For example, the word bought /bhttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_eu.jpgt/ instead of the correct p ronounce /bhttp//www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_oo.jpgt/.ConclusionIn this short part, a distinction between English and Arabic vowels sounds is given. The distinction showed some similarities and differences between the two systems. Some tables and figures have been given to illustrate the difference vividly.