Mental Disorder and Effective Treatment Methods

â€Å"Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder marked by severely impaired thinking, emotions, and behaviors† (qtd. in Gulli and Rosick 1). Many people are confused or misinformed on this mental illness. 85 percent of Americans are aware of Schizophrenia, however, only 24 percent actually understand what this disorder is (Tartakovsky 1). Awareness and knowledge on Schizophrenia can help lead to public acceptance. While this disorder is currently incurable, an increase in national funding can help researchers to find more effective treatment methods for those diagnosed.It will always be difficult for those who are mentally well to even remotely understand what it is like to live with Schizophrenia (Frith and Jonestone 2). Schizophrenics may hear false voices, believe others are reading their minds, controlling their actions, or are plotting to harm them (â€Å"What is Schizophrenia? † 2). Rebecca Stancil, age nine, suffers from Paranoid Schizophrenia. Her experiences with t he disorder are as follows:[She] has been haunted by images of wolves, men with monster faces, and shadows and shapes that scamper around a darkened room at night since she was three years old. Her hallucinations have driven her to act violently toward her mother, Cinnamon Stancil. She’s pulled knives on her before, hit her with whatever random things she can get, grabbed the lid off the back of the toilet seat and come after her with that†¦ One of Rebecca’s recurring hallucinations is â€Å"the man,† a six foot vision that can be a friend or a foe.He follows her everywhere†¦ But sometimes he does more than watch Rebecca. She sees him, and he’s putting a gun to her head telling her she has to run away†¦ In November 2008, to quell voices in her head, Rebecca tried to kill herself by slitting her wrists with a hairclip†¦ Stancil took Rebecca to a private doctor, who suggested trying a new psychotic drug, Saphris. Since she began taking t he new medication, Rebecca’s hallucinations and disposition have improved (Schadler, Weinraub, and Stohler).This mental disorder does not discriminate by race, culture, social status, or gender. Approximately one person out of every one hundred people worldwide suffers from Schizophrenia (Smith and Segal 3). While the exact cause is unknown, researchers have concluded that a combination of biological and environmental factors trigger the disorder. People with Schizophrenia are more likely to have family members with Schizophrenia than those who are not mentally ill.For those who are not diagnosed with this mental disorder, the likelihood that they will have a family member with Schizophrenia is less than one percent, while there is about a ten percent chance that relatives of those with Schizophrenia have also been diagnosed with the disorder (Veague 42). Schizophrenia, like heart disease and diabetes, is not curable. However, it can be managed and the symptoms can be reduced with the correct treatment (Tartakovsky 2). Brain disorders are legitimate medical illnesses. They can be treated with certain medications (Veague 94).Antipsychotic medication decreases psychological symptoms. Although medication affects people differently, most patients can see improvement anywhere from a few days to months after beginning their dosage (Smith and Segal 3). Taking medication is not the only answer to improve a person’s life with Schizophrenia. Rehabilitation can improve social skills and teach those who are diagnosed important job skills to help them build a better future. It can also improve communication and cognitive thinking skills (â€Å"What is Schizophrenia† 10).Along with taking medication and going to a rehabilitation center, a healthy and active lifestyle can aid in improvement. Those diagnosed with Schizophrenia should manage their stress, get enough sleep, avoid alcohol and drugs, and get plenty of exercise to help reduce negative symptoms . Supportive therapy is another great method to help patients fight delusional beliefs, ignore voices in their heads, and motivate them to live a normal life (Smith and Segal 4). Schizophrenics can live a successful live by getting the help they need.Schizophrenia affects a lot of people and causes great suffering. Treatment is very costly to the state and those diagnosed. The cause is still unknown and a completely effective treatment method has not been developed (Frith and Jonestone 168-169). Further research in genetics, neuroscience, and behavioral science will assist researchers to find the exact cause of Schizophrenia and how to prevent it (â€Å"What is Schizophrenia? †). Research can also help answer important questions such as: â€Å"what is the nature of reality? † and â€Å"To what extent are we responsible for our own actions?†These answers can help scientists to better understand mental illnesses (Frith and Jonestone 169). The budget of the Nationa l Institute of Mental Health has been raised from $230 million to $1. 4 billion. However, the economy and other areas of spending are causing cuts in federal funds. Also, only a small percentage of the National Institute of Mental Health’s budget is used directly for Schizophrenia research. The fraction of the budget used for Schizophrenia research is too small, given the importance, severity, and cost of Schizophrenic research needed.Advocates could help by gathering attention of Congress (Haycock 1-2). Families and individuals affected by Schizophrenia are encouraged to participate in future research to find new and better treatment options. Being diagnosed with Schizophrenia does not mean that the person’s life is ruined. With new research, these people can lead a more normal, fulfilling life. All in all, Schizophrenia is a disorder that changes the life of someone affected by it forever. Whether it be the person diagnosed, or their close family and friends, everyon e takes a toll.The many misconceptions of the disorder have caused those who are diagnosed with Schizophrenia to become outcasts and to be looked upon as someone with a problem that they should be able to fix. While Schizophrenia is a very serious issue, it is not something that a person can just fix on their own. A person with a mental illness can be compared to someone with a physical disease, such as diabetes. A person with diabetes will live with the disorder their entire life and there is absolutely nothing that the person can do by simply wishing that they did not have the disorder.Public knowledge on mental illness is very slim. With more funding from the national government, this confusion can be put to an end. By informing people on the disorder and helping them to understand what Schizophrenia actually is, those who have Schizophrenia will be better understood and more people will accept their behavior. Also, with more research, treatment will be improved and perfected to help Schizophrenics. With more funding, scientists can get closer to discovering the cause of the disorder and how to prevent it. Then, they can get closer to finding a cure.

The Kite Runner Journal Responses

Journal Responses 11/2/12 The passage â€Å"†¦ they in turn opened into an extension of the driveway into my father’s estate† uses a key word in the phrase, â€Å"estate†. Some synonyms of the word estate are; land, park, parkland, manor. The connotation we could make is that the author used this word to sound elegant and give the Hassan’s family a rich outlook on what they are compared to other families in afghan. The passage â€Å"†¦ a new and affluent neighborhood in the northern part of Kabul. Some thought it was the prettiest house in all of Kabul. Can present how Amir and his father are very proud of themselves. The author wanted to show that Amir and his father were one of the richer and wealthier in the city. He may also wanted to show that they stand out from the rest of the people of the city. Therefore Amir and his Father are characterized as the upper class of Kabul. â€Å"you! The hazara! † what I further remember from the mo vie afghan star is that all the ethnic groups were fighting back where they were from. But all of the 4 different ethnics singing it had seemed to bring them together in a sense of unity.Yes, The Hazaras are disrespected more than the other ethnic groups. This is almost like them picking on the most weakest person which in this case is hazara. The passage â€Å"†¦ they in turn opened into an extension of the driveway into my father’s estate† uses a key word in the phrase, â€Å"estate†. Some synonyms of the word estate are; land, park, parkland, manor. The connotation we could make is that the author used this word to sound elegant and give the Hassan’s family a rich outlook on what they are compared to other families in afghan.Eric Richardson Ms. Pierce Journal Responses 11/2/12 Chapter four response. Why doesn’t Amir accept Hassan as a good friend? What doesn’t make sense to me is why does Hassan do all this stiff for Amir and not get anything in return even tho he is always there for him. For example when Hassan read Amir a story then he asked a question, when Amir was thinking about something mean to say about Hassan being a hazara. Amir doesn’t seem to have respect for anyone and I think it will come back to haunt him.

Kant and the Categorical Imperative Essay

The possibility of the existence of right and wrong has been a subject of discussion among philosophers for centuries and many theories have been presented to answer the question of whether morals exist. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), the great German philosopher is one who has contributed profoundly to the world of philosophy and especially in regards to his thought on the subject of morality. Kant disagreed with Hume that morality is objective and not subjective. Kant wanted to propose a pure moral philosophy, one of absolute necessity and independent of all human feelings, because if it not so, it will not be absolute and binding upon every person. The purpose of morality is to affect our behaviour and that it is reason that makes humans moral and not feelings or preferences. We shall explore some of the a priori foundations of morality paying special attention to Kant’s ‘categorical imperative’ and what exactly this was designed to solve in moral theory. To have moral worth, an act must be done in the name of one’s duty, the moral worth of this act is taken from the principle from which it’s determined, not from what it aims to accomplish and that duty is necessary when one is acting out of respect for the law. A shopkeeper giving the buyer the right amount of change because the law states one must not steal, this is an example of a legal action because rules are being followed but for the wrong reasons. A shopkeeper returning the correct amount of change because it belongs to the customer is an example of a moral action because the action is being done for the right reasons. Kant adopts the view of morality as an ‘unconditional ought’, as opposed to a ‘conditional ought’ By this he means that one should perform an act without considerations of the merits that that act may produce, in comparison with acting in order for something else to happen. This implies that acts that are moral are those t hat are done without being done for the sake of the merit or reward that they may bring to the person. Kant claimed that moral behaviour does not guarantee the attainment of happiness; rather that good will is crucial for actually deserving happiness. â€Å"Nothing in the world–indeed nothing even beyond the world–can possibly be conceived which could be called good without qualification  except a good will† (Kant 1964 p.27). By the ‘good will’ Kant means that a good will is not good because what it performs or what it effects but that it is simply good in itself. The good will is the will which acts out of respect for the moral law and from freedom, but actions such as these, if motivated by selfish or emotional factors, will then have no moral worth. There is a great deal of stress placed on the intention behind the act, consider giving money to charity for the sake of helping out, without any need for any ego gratification or such self-serving purposes, this is an instance of â€Å"good will†. Kant’s most well known contribution to ethical discussion is the categorical imperative. There are three key propositions that form the basis of Kant’s ethics. They are: act only on that maxim (principle) through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law, act in a way that you never treat humanity as a means to an end and that you act as if you were a lawmaker member of a kingdom of ends. These three principles form the categorical imperative. For Kant the source of moral justification is the categorical imperative. It presents a method to determine whether or not an act may be considered to be morally correct. An imperative is either categorical or hypothetical. Kant writes, â€Å"If now the action is good only as a means to something else, then the imperative is hypothetical; if it is conceived as good in itself and consequently as being necessarily the principle of a will which of itself conforms to reason, then it is categorical . . . .† (Kant 1989 p.31) As humans we all have subjective impulses – desires and inclinations that may contradict the dictates of reason. These desires, whether they are material objects or gratify us in a sexual or psychological way, may in fact contradict the dictates of reason. Therefore we experience the claim of reason as an imperative, a command to act in a particular way. Kant views a person to be most free when they can overcome their temptations and it is this freedom that helps us make sense of morality. The categorical imperative emphasises the means for completing an action and places little meaning on the end result of an action, whereas the hypothetical imperative places much emphasis on the end result of an action. It is an imperative because it dictates what we should do, disregarding our desires. As rational beings we are guided through life by  laws and principles, in the form of an imperative which simply orders us â€Å"you must do this† regardless of any desires which we may have. Hypothetical imperatives apply to us if we have a particular desire, â€Å"go to university if you want to become a philosopher†. An act becomes imperative when it ought to be applied to everyone, hence the basic statement of the categorical imperative being to act only on maxims that you could will to become universal laws of human nature (Kant). A categorical imperative would command you to do X inasmuch as X is  intrinsically right, that is, right in and of itself, aside from any other considerations–no â€Å"ifs,† no conditions, no strings attached . . . a categorical imperative is  unconditional (no â€Å"ifs†) and independent of any things, circumstances, goals, or desires.  It is for this reason that only a categorical imperative can be a universal and binding  law, that is, a moral law, valid for all rational beings at all times. (Miller 1984 p.462) Immorality then would be to make exceptions for ourselves by acting only on maxims that we cannot universalize out of our own will. It is those who act in such a way and then expect others to act different to our way, who are immoral. The categorical imperative acts as a formula for universal law; by stating the prerequisites that an act must have to be considered moral, it presents a comparison for people to be able to see if they are acting morally, this being to act only on principles that you could will to become universal laws by which all who wish to act morally must comply with. It determines whether any act is right or wrong, so to do the opposite would be contradictory and this would then be an act that is not morally correct. An example that Kant puts forward in â€Å"Good Will, Duty, and the Categorical Imperative,† (1989) to depict this is of a man who is in extreme despair and contemplating suicide. By taking his own life he would be universalizing the principle that in order to love himself he should end his life (by doing this he is trying to improve his life by ending the despair he is feeling). Killing himself would in fact do nothing to improve his life because he would have no life at all! So you see how these contradictory acts undermine those that may be classified as morally right. Although Kant’s categorical imperative has been widely read and accepted by some it has had criticism. Some philosophers have thought of it as absolutist, being too ‘black and white.’ But when thinking of humanity and society in which we reside, looking at morality according to the categorical imperative allows a standard rule for everyone to follow. If it was alright for some people to steal and not others this we could not call a moral and fair society. There needs to be a rule or comparison so that what acts are right and what are wrong may be differentiated from each other and the wrong acts then dealt with accordingly. Some have asked how only an action which one had no desire to do could ever have any moral worth. This to me does not seem to be what is trying to be expressed in Kantian ethics. It is not the desire per se that makes an act immoral, I think it seems that it is more the fact of this desire being the reason the act is conducted in the first place. If the act is done to fulfil a personal desire or attain that which one desires, then the act is immoral, but if the act is done for the good of the act in itself, for example donating money to an orphanage because one desires to help, then this is still what Kant would regard as a morally right act. Although Kantianism has had a profound effect on some people, producing many elaborations, translations and thought, for some it is not feasible once placed together as a whole. Kant had some very profound ideas but looking at society tody I would think he was definitely on the right thought pattern. Society and we as humans, with our impulses whether good or bad, need a  clarified ethics to follow to help us separate what may be considered right and wrong in a moral sense, and it must be fair and the same for everyone, this is what Kant’s categorical imperative has done by creating a universal law or ‘rule of thumb’ for morality. References: Kant, I. 1989 â€Å"Good Will, Duty, and the Categorical Imperative.† ed. Serafini, A. Ethics and Social Concern, the categorical imperative. New York: Paragon House Publishers Kant, I. 1964 Groundwork and the Metaphysics of Morals, ed. Herbert J. Paton, New York: HarperCollins. Miller, Ed. L. 1984 Questions that Matter: An Invitation to Philosophy, 3rd ed. Colorado: McGraw-Hill, Inc. http://sguthrie.net/kant.htm (accessed on 12/10/04)

Can the war on terror be undertood in terms of realism Essay

Can the war on terror be undertood in terms of realism - Essay Example This shouldn’t be startling as they all have a common origin and considering the complexity of the subject, it deserves this literary stretch. If Marxism and Christianity can have various interpretations, so can realism. John J. Mearsheimer, professor at the University of Chicago was once asked what realism says about terrorism, and his answer was, ‘Not a whole heck of a lot, Realism†¦..is really about relations among states, especially among the great powers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Realism doesn’t have much to say about the causes of terrorism’1. It would be better to take a look at various realism theories before going into the details of the war on terror. Realism is a ‘philosophical disposition’ in the words of Robert Gilpin; many commentators have considered it a general orientation and not a set of explicit rules. According to Ferguson and Mansbach, it is a set of normative emphases that shape the theory and an ‘attitude of mind’ with distinct and perceptible flavours in the words of Edward Garnett. Sandra Rosenthal considers realism a ‘loose framework’ while Colin Elman considers it a ‘big tent’ that has room to accommodate a number of theories and notions2. Realism is a methodology of understanding international relations and many scholars and thinkers have placed themselves in the growth of this method that is why it has been delimited in its projection and analysis. It is a little difficult to enclose terrorism or ‘war on terror’ in one definition of realism. Terrorism is a concept that has reached all corners of the earth. No place on this planet is oblivion of this concept, especially after the sad September 11 attacks on the twin towers of U.S. and the America’s ‘war on terror’. This phrase has redefined domestic conflicts and territorial skirmishes. Prior to 9/11 attacks and the alleged ‘war on terror’, terrorist groups were indigenous of their terrains but now just like international trade and

Culture & Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Culture & Technology - Essay Example The paper tries to analyze the relationship and significance of food as an aspect of culture and technology. Bodily circumstances and physical images, like being overweight or slender, are intensely embedded in femininity features and cultural aspects, and represent how people classify themselves differently through food eating habits and cravings. Food offers a wide variety of meanings since the daily practices all over the world revolve around that aspect. There is an extensive range of etiquette, tastes, and cuisines associated to it. Technology dictates a chief role in the food, and beverage industry bringing evolution in the industry as a result of advancement in the technological field. New information has resulted in the invention of several brands and variety in the market bringing about competition and quality brands. As the populace grows, the numerical figure agricultural grower is on the decline. This exerts pressure on transportation and storage space systems. This makes it impractical to overcome the challenges experienced in the food and beverage industry. Nevertheless, technological evolution in food manufacturing industries has resulted to fresh discoveries in nutritional knowledge have led to an increase in the quality and standards hence enhancing the variety of foods. Technology has resulted to forecasting of sales and records organization in the industry thus helping in prediction of sales volume leading to delivery of products in time. Nowadays, the food and beverage industry experiences worldwide competition in the market which is healthy as it promotes quality services. Technology has led to the advancement of marketing procedures and brand name positions in the food and beverage companies. Companies have developed supply series by replacing the old ways of supply with new schemes to surpass their competitors. Food and beverage manufacture

CHRISTINA GOLD LEADING CHANGE AT WESTERN UNION Research Paper

CHRISTINA GOLD LEADING CHANGE AT WESTERN UNION - Research Paper Example Western Union implemented an organizational change that was targeted to raise the participation of all its employees as well as increase its productivity by enhancing adaptability to the environment. Kotter and Cohen suggest an eight-step model of change that can explain how an organization can change in response to different situations in the market so that it can achieve the intended goal. Christiana Gold, the Chief Executive Officer of Western Union implemented an organizational structure change in the company so that it could enhance the productivity of the company in the market. Through her effort, Gold wanted to ensure that the company can achieve high quality performance in the midst of the different things that happened in the market. While Gold’s plan of implementation of change could be related to Kotter and Cohen’s 8-step model, the plan could have had some differences that could be a different approach that can improve the success of implementation of the ch ange. In the first step where Gold wanted to implement change, she identified the things that needed a change and helped the employees of the company to see the need of the organizational change. ... As in Kotter and Cohen’s 8-step model step three (Daft & Lane, 2008), Gold created a vision of what Western Union would be if the changes in the organizational structure were implemented in the company. She had a vision of the company having a global outlook and she focused on the ways through which different people could enhance the change of mindsets of all employees from a small company kind of company to one which would have a world focus. Through different people with whom she interacted, she communicated the vision, and this received the approval of some leaders at the regional level of organization accepting the new structure and showing positivity. This was regardless of reluctance to change that was witnessed in some leaders in America who could not see the essence of the new structure of organization and perceived it as a threat to their positions (Rowe & Guerrero, 2011). The resistance to change that the different people faced in the implementation of the organizati onal structure change would have been easy to address if Gold had encouraged a broad-based action in which the employees and the leaders in different regions would be able to influence the employees (Daft & Lane, 2008). In this respect, the leaders would make it easy to communicate the changes that she wanted the employees to implement, and this would take a shorter time to achieve goals, as opposed to the style she used when implementing change in America, where regional leaders were reluctant to change. In order to achieve this plan of the company to implement change in the organizational structure, Gold advocated for establishment of offices and leaders in the offices that could steer the new plan of the company.

Leadership Trait for Successful Women Entrepreneurs Literature review

Leadership Trait for Successful Women Entrepreneurs - Literature review Example However, the opportunities which women have to start business enterprises as entrepreneurs would enable them to apply their unique attributes in a leadership style which would allow them to achieve success. The issue of leadership trait has been studied extensively which leaves us with a question of whether there is an appropriate leadership style that women should employ in order for them to be considered as successful and influential leaders. This paper presents a literature review on women entrepreneurs as leaders with a view of answering a question as to whether they require a specific leadership style or attributes for effectiveness and success as entrepreneurial leaders. Research has been conducted on leadership traits which are associated with gendered attributes. It has been argued therefore that the male gender has attributes that makes men more qualified for leadership positions (Burke and Collins, 2001, p. 244). This illustrates that women have been stereotyped within orga nizations and institutions. It is also argued that the diversity in the work place and the economic crises which are being experienced by the contemporary organizations are attributed to the limitations of leadership opportunities for women (Enhai, 2011, p. 111). The observation that the number of women who lead large organizations is smaller than that of men demonstrates the stereotyping of women leadership. Studies of typical leadership styles illustrate that women demonstrate some leadership qualities that are superior to that of men (Mukherji and Jain, 2009, p. 63). With the increased number of women who are venturing into entrepreneurship, it is necessary to determine the most appropriate leadership trait that would match with the natural attributes of women which would enable them to be effective leaders. The traditional gender stereotyping against women has reduced significantly over time (Lopez-Zafra, Garcia-Retamero and Berrios Martos, 2012, p. 97). Traditionally, financier s had wrong impressions of women who require capital for starting businesses. This has made them to have a hard time explaining to lenders and bankers why they need financing. This situation persisted regardless of the fact that women presented better business cases as compared to men (Greenberg and Sweeney, 2005, p. 32). These arguments demonstrate that there is a gap in knowledge on how and why this situation has changed over time. The changes that have been experienced in the modern business world include decreasing scores of men in managerial tests. Despite the emphasis that has been put on importance of teamwork, it is argued that men have scored lower than women who have contributory and collaborative leadership behaviour and support for teamwork (Psychogios, 2007, p. 169). Women entrepreneurs have been considered to have a higher emotional intelligence in leadership as compared to men (DeCaro, DeCaro and Bowen-Thompson, 2010, p. 75). Emotional intelligence is associated with ability of a leader to act as a role model and create confidence among followers. These are typical attributes of a transformational leadership trait (Smith-Hunter and Leone, 2010, p. 21). Women are said to have a strong need to connect to their subordinates, a situation which often leads to building of trusting relationship between the management and employees. The

Analytic Report about Disaster Recovery Plans in corporations Essay

Analytic Report about Disaster Recovery Plans in corporations - Essay Example This essay aims at detailing the steps that have been taken and those that should be taken to safeguard against such eventualities. Disasters can be manmade or naturally occurring like earthquakes and those arising from technological issues (Sundar et al. 119). According to Sundar, the objectives of sustainable development are to improve the natural strengths of all agencies, including the society, in addressing disastrous situations. The attainment of this objective requires sustained initiatives, which entails economic, social, and infrastructure issues (Sundar et al. 119). Disasters involving technology are the ones that have the most direct effect on humans at a personal level. Disasters involving nuclear technology have long-lasting negative repercussions on the health of people ranging from cancer and maiming disabilities produced by mutations caused by radiation. For example, the Chernobyl nuclear reactor disaster killed dozens of people, and its effects are still present today. Disaster management is defined as an applied science, which seeks to advance regulations regarding relating to mitigation, emergency, prevention, preparedness, recovery, and response through systematic observation and analysis of disasters (Sundar et al. 84). The corporate sector is a substantial body that includes those that produce goods and services for the sole purpose of making a profit. Disasters jeopardize this main objective, and it is paramount that corporations put up mechanisms to mitigate the impact caused by disasters. Corporations team up with insurance companies to shield their entities from losses occasioned by the occurrence of natural disasters. There is an increasing paradigm shift by corporations moving from enactment of disaster response policies to executing pro-active policies aimed at preventing disasters. They insure

Network Security Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Network Security Paper - Essay Example This essay focuses on the increased concern over the effects of the heartbleed bug on the internet security (Codenomicon, 2014). This loophole allows stealing of secured information and data under normal settings, by the SSL/TLS encryption used to protect the Internet. The SSL/TLS covers privacy and communication security for applications found in the Internet such as the web, instant messaging (IM), email and virtual private networks (VPNs). The Heartbleed bug permits any user accessing the Internet to read the systems’ memory secured by the weaker versions of the OpenSSL applications. This jeopardizes the secret keys used to pinpoint the service providers and to encode the movement, the names and passwords of the users and the authentic content. This permits hackers to spy on data, steal information straight from the services and users and to impersonate services and users (Codenomicon, 2014). The Heartbleed bug is listed in the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures system as CVE-2014-0160. CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) is the Standard for Information Security Vulnerability Names preserved by MITRE. The technical name, CVE-2014-0160 is named from the line of code that the bug is contained. However, a secure version of OpenSSL was released on April 7, 2014, after the Heartbleed bug was publicly revealed. At the time close to 17% an estimated half a million of the Internets protected web servers licensed by trust authorities were alleged to be exposed to the bug. Hence, permitting the stealing of the servers digital keys used to encrypt data and gain access over users session cookies and passwords (BBC News, 2014). The loophole allows a hacker to gain access of up to 64 kilobytes of server memory. However, the hackers execute the attack repeatedly to access a substantial amount of information. Therefore, a hacker can gain access to users’ cookies from web browsers and servers that keep

Marketing Sales Caae Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Sales Caae Analysis - Essay Example According to the company’s executive vice president of sales, what adds to the problem is the drain on the district managers’ time. With the quick turnover of sales people, the district managers’ have to constantly go through the recruitment procedure all over again, depriving them of time to spend on working on their districts. Salespeople are already complaining that their managers are spending very limited time with them, which is also the reason for the high turnover because new hires are left to fend for themselves right after training Moreover, training is not centralized. Training is conducted by district which at worst may mean that ten trainees are being trained by ten managers, a costly and inefficient process. Moreover, the district managers have not really been trained or prepared to handle recruitment, so screening and interviewing depend on individual methods employed by the district managers which may not be correct and appropriate and may be a con tributing cause to the high turnover. To address these issues, the job goals set for Al Kantak, the new field sales employment manager are to decrease the cost per hire; to establish a uniform recruitment program; to increase the quality of new hires; to reduce the amount of time managers spend recruiting; decrease the number of vacant territory days per year; and eliminate the dependence on recruitment agencies. Al Kantak’s initial assessment was to come up with a five-year plan where at the end of five years, all the goals set would have been accomplished. However, the plan will also include major results in a few years within the 5-year timeframe. Due to the large volume of recruits needed, Al would be primarily targeting college campuses across the United States. Based on the information gathered related to the recruitment situation at UCI, a number of key issues

Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease Research Paper - 1

Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that food is not only important for the maintenance and development of an individual, but also in the performance and reproduction of life. It has been estimated that during a person’s entire lifetime, a person consumes approximately 30 tonnes of food on proportion in professedly endless dietary categories. However, as digestion takes place, the food is broken down into basic nutrients necessary for the well being of the individual. Therefore, it is safe to assume that food is chemistry. In the process of digestion, the mixture of chemicals present in the food is broken down into four basic categories: nutrients, non-nutritive naturally occurring components (which include antinutritive and natural toxins), man-made contaminants and additives. Taking that into consideration, it is safe to say that nutrients make up for more than 99.9% of the food contents. Nutrients can be classified into carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, fats, and min erals. These constituents are referred to as macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients can be described as primary sources of strength and building elements for humans, whereas micronutrients, on the other hand, are only required in comparative volumes. Micronutrients can be obtained in vitamins, minerals and trace elements, and are still essential in ample amounts to ensure proper performance of all body cells. Furthermore, micronutrients such as water do not necessarily provide individuals with energy. The majority of micronutrients are critical nutrients for life processes, often synthesized by the body. For that reason, these necessary nutrients can be received from the food that we eat. Most significantly, macronutrients are constituent and indispensable ingredients of our diets, often found in carbohydrates, water, fat, and protein.

Casey Anthony Essay Example for Free

Casey Anthony Essay Courtroom trials are very interesting to me and I really enjoyed clerking for judges and being able to watch everything from beginning to end. The case I have chosen is a jury trial and that jury ends up being seven women and five men. The criminal laws that were violated were many starting with Child Neglect, making false official statements and obstructing an investigation. Forging checks, fraudulent use of identification and petty theft, first degree murder, aggravated child abuse aggravated manslaughter and four counts of lying to law enforcement. Heading the prosecution was the District Attorney of Orange County Florida with several of the Assistant District Attorney’s. The defense has Jose Baez and what they were calling a ‘team’ of defense counsel, which actually ended up only being 3. Judge Belvin Perry was on the bench and all of the witnesses that were on both the states list of witnesses to call but the defense as well. The outcome of this trial rocked the nation as the verdict was read live which were Not Guilty of Aggravated Murder, Aggravated Child Abuse and Aggravated Manslaughter. The defendant was found guilty on 4 counts of the forgery of checks and was credited for time served, then released from jail. Casey Anthony made national news for several days and remained the top story. She had been charged and arrested with murdering her two year old daughter, Caylee Anthony. Casey denied ever knowing anything to the police of her whereabouts and told law enforcement that her nanny had taken Caylee by force and she had been looking for her in different avenues, to supposedly protect the child. Also stating she should have contacted police sooner than 31 days prior, but she was in fear for her daughter’s life was the story she stuck to. After being jailed and held without bond pictures of the young mother were posted all over My Space portraying Casey Anthony as nothing but a party girl. It wasnt until the actual trial started and the story took a huge flip and George Anthony who is Caseys father and grandfather of little Caylee, was being accused of sexually molesting his daughter since she was 8 years old and covering up the truth about the whereabouts of the two year old. Since Casey had been a child, she had been taught to cover up and lie about certain situations if it was going to cause embarrassment to the family. It was George who had found the lifeless body of Caylee Anthony, lying face down in their pool and the cover-up began. George Anthony did not want it to get out that the family was irresponsible and left the ladder out to get into the pool. Which the story reads, little Caylee climbed up that ladder and got in the pool herself, due to no supervision and drowned. Skeletal remains of a small child were found 3 months later within a mile of the Anthony home. The body had been discarded like a piece of trash, and her remains had been duct taped in a black garbage bag and tossed into the woods. It became media frenzy and, Orlando, Florida became the busiest it had ever been since the child had gone missing. It was in fact the remains of Caylee Anthony and to this day, the young mother sticks to her story and accuses her own father of covering the death of her child up and forced Casey to go along with it. She had been taught to obey her father and did not want to go against his strictness and allowed George Anthony to dispose of the body. The trial that began on May 24, 2011 went to the jury on July 3rd 2011. Deliberations were suspended over the 4th of July holiday and resumed July 5th. During its deliberations, the jurors did not ask to review any of the 400 exhibits, request any clarifications of the law or ask for any of the trial testimony to be read back. After deliberating for 10 hours and 40 minutes, the foreperson informed the court that the jury had reached a unanimous verdict that afternoon. More often than not when a jury returns a verdict that quickly and without asking for any type of assistance from the court, it bodes ill for the defendant. This jury, however, was about to prove the old maxim that juries are unpredictable despite what all the talking heads predicted it would conclude. The jury found her not guilty of murder, aggravated child abuse and manslaughter. She was however, convicted of four counts of lying to police officers. Judge Perry sentenced Casey to one year in jail and $1,000. 00 in fines for each of the providing false information counts. She was released from jail on July 17, 2011due to time already served. While Casey had been acquitted in her daughter’s death, Casey’s problems were not at an end. The defamation suit of Zenaida Gonzalez who Casey accused of kidnapping her daughter (one of the false statements) is seeking both compensatory and punitive damages. Gonzalez states she lost her job as a result of Casey’s allegations which led to the loss of her apartment by eviction and she and her 6 children continue to be harassed and threatened. (Kumar) It has changed how society works today by taking more child missing stories more serious and not to the facts of the case, but the simple fact that the 12 person jury could not convict her due to lack of evidence. The State of Florida had not proved their case and she was walking free except with a few misdemeanor charges of lying to law enforcement. How could this have happened, with all the circumstantial evidence of her guilt was obvious, the jury stood by the law? The evidence did not prove that Casey had been involved at all without finding any DNA or any other minute evidence. At almost the end of the trial, Casey asked to be evaluated by Psychologist and Psychiatrist to see if she was mentally capable to continue with the trial. She was found competent and the trial continued til the end finding her not guilty. All of America disagreed with the verdict except the defendant and the defense counsel and still held her responsible for her daughters death. Society even went to the extreme as to calling the jury idiots I believe Casey Anthony led a not so great life, but was also a spoiled brat who always got her way. So with the news that she was walking free didnt surprise me, as I couldn’t see any physical evidence either. Sad but true, she is out living her life without her daughter and it does not seem to bother her a bit. Casey is in hiding though as of today and knows there are people out there who hate her. She has started to learn and recognize her lies and what they did to people, and has told friends she has a lot of regards. Other sources say she plans to receive psychological counseling. She is young and optimistic and realizes she can’t change the past but she can move forward.

Evolution of Supply Chain Management

Evolution of Supply Chain Management Over the past 40 years, the traditional purchasing and logistics functions have evolved into a wider strategic approach to materials and distribution management known as SCM. This chapter will review the SCM evolution over the past decades and the factors that have influenced this evolution. 1.2 Supply chain management evolution After Second World War there was a high need to increase production, the most part of the world was suffering from hunger. The world entered in the Productivism era, most manufacturers gave priority to mass production to minimize unit production cost as the primary operations strategy. This was the first stage of the creation of economies of scale. However, these years 1950s and 1960s the concept of supply chain management was unknown. During these years new product development was slow and counted only in firms own technology and capacity. Inventory cushioned bottleneck operations in order to maintain a balanced line low, resulting in huge investment in work in process (WIP) inventory (Tan, 2001). Logistics cost were high as well. At a national level in the USA and UK, they accounted respectively for 15% and 16% of gross national product (Ballou 2007). Furthermore, issues concern with purchasing was neglected by managers at that time, since purchasing was considered as a service to production (Famer, 1997). As mentioned above increasing production was the main objective of this period, little emphasis was on cooperative and strategic buyer supplier partnership. According to Tan (2001), Sharing technology and expertise with customers or suppliers was considered too risky and unacceptable. Tan 2001 argues that, in the 1970s, managers become aware of the huge WIP on manufacturing cost, new product development, quality, and delivery time. One of the factors of this increased awareness was the introduction of Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP). The focus in this period changed; it is not just increase production through spreading the fixed cost to a bigger output (economies of scale), rather, to increase performance. The introduction of IT (MRP) in planning the resources of the firm proofs this. During the 1980s and 1990s, firms deal with increased demands for better, faster, cheaper logistical service. As a result, many manufacturers outsourced logistics activities and their focus transferred to core competencies (Daugherty, 2011). According to Daugherty (2011), the outside specialist presented an economically viable means of achieving productivity and efficiency. Therefore, many manufactures went more for a relationship oriented approach with their supplier and customer. They understood the benefits of cooperative relationship with the other firms in the different chain levels (Stank at al, 1999). Stank at al (1999), show in their paper some of the advantages and benefits that this cooperative relationship had: synergy gain through shared expertise and resources, better planning and support, exchange of information, and joint problem solving. Another reason that influenced the partnership between supplier buyer was the increased global competition (Tan, 2001). In the 1990s was the introduction of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), this gave a boost to the evolution of the SCM and buyer supplier relationship. Movahedi at al (2009) argues, while the previous IT resource planning systems (e.g. EDI Electronic Data Interchange) used by manufactures were concern mainly with inter organizational integration, ERP systems were mainly concern with intra organizational integration. The evolution continues in the 21st century with the development of more sophisticated IT systems (internet base solution systems) which are concerned for both inter-organizational integration and intra-organizational integration. Moreover, the relationship buyer supplier in this period have gone one-step forward, from normal partnership to long-term relationship and strategic alliances. Manufacturers and retailers now commonly exploit supplier strengths and technology in support of new product development, distribution channels, cost reduction etc (Morgan and Moncz ka, 1995). For example retailers like Tesco use supplier strengths and technology to make own label products which contribute to Tesco overall image. The latest trend of evolution in the supply chain management is the movement towards systems of supplier relations over national boundaries and into other continents (Movahedi at al, 2009). Global Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is the latest concept introduced to the literature of SCM. Now days firms are much bigger than they used to be. They have achieved economies of scale and with the establishment of trade liberalisation policies they are internationalising their businesses to find the lowest sources of inputs and growing markets to sell their products. The concept of SCM is not enough for being efficient and competitive in the new environment that is why new concept and management strategies (i.e. GSCM) are emerging. An Integrated supply chain gives considerable competitive advantage to the individual actors participating in the chain. Now days in the developed economies there is a switch from firm firm competition to chain chain competition (Koh at al, 2007). This last sentence describes best how the supply chain management has evolved over the past decade, by making the different actors in a chain to operate as one big entity. 1.3 Evolution stages of supply chain management By looking at the above evolution history, we can identify some turning points in the concept and philosophy of SCM. Some authors have segmented the evolution of supply chain management into stages (Movahedi at al, 2009; Ballou 2007 ). Movahedi at al, (2009) segmented SCM evolution into three stages: Creation era During the 1980s Integration era During 1990s and continued in the 21st Globalisation era Now days Creation era, starts (1980s) when the buyer supplier understand the benefits that a cooperative relationship offers. In this period we encounter for the first time the term supply chain management. Integration era starts (1990s) when the IT system EDI is replaced by ERP. ERP focus not only in managing the resources of the individual firm but also the resources of the integrated supply chain. Globalisation era, starts with the creation of the trade liberalisation policies and the establishment of institution such as World Trade Organization (WTO) and other international institutions that deal with global/regional trade policies. According to Ballou (2007) SCM is not new, it is a evolution of the purchasing and distribution function. The integration of these two functions has generated what we call SCM. Figure 1 shows the evolution of SCM as described by Ballow (2007). He has segmented the evolution of SCM into three stages. Activity fragmentation 1950s and 1960s Activity integration 1960s to 2000 Supply chain management 2000+ As we can see from the figure, in the first stage the activities (from purchasing row materials to finished product in the shelf of a retailer) are fragmented, there is no integration between them. As a result the cost of finished products (transportation cost, inventory cost etc) are high. In the second stage, there is some integration between the activities but still not fully integrated. The SCM 2000+ is the last stage where all the activities are fully integrated leading to cost reduction, shortening of the new product development process, better flow of information, improved cash flow, faster order fulfilment, improved shelf availability and last but not least increased customer satisfaction. From the SCM literature it comes out that customer satisfaction is one of the key driving factors of supply chain evolution. Figure 1 Supply Chain Evolution Source: Ballow (2007) 1.4 Factors that have affected SCM evolution

Introduction of The Book of Common Prayer

Introduction of The Book of Common Prayer Introduction The Book of Common Prayer (BCP) or to give it its full title when published (in modern spelling) The Book of the Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments, and other Rites of the Church: after the Use of the Church of England is considered by many to be one of the priceless possessions of the English people, ranking alongside the first printed Bible in English and the plays of the quintessential English playwright William Shakespeare. It has been said, with some justice, that the words of this Prayer Book have been recited by English-speakers far more frequently than the speeches and soliloquies of Shakespeare.[1] First published in 1549, with authorship credited to the then Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556), the book has been utilised by Christians throughout the world since, apart from 2 short periods of time between 1553 to 1558 and 1645 to 1660, having many of its phrases becoming part of our everyday language and still influencing the worship and devotions of millions of Christians today. The BCP comes to us in a number of guises, and is usually referred to by the year of its introduction. The first book of 1549 was rapidly succeeded by versions in 1552 and then 1559. The final version on which the present book is based is that of 1662. Each of the four versions feature a common layout and are related to each other however the content of each book shows considerable revision and thought in terms of theology, political and intellectual context. In a sense the BCP can be looked on as a wonderful example of a book which contains a whole history within it.[2] In order to analyse the impact of the introduction of the BCP some knowledge of the history lying behind the book is essential in order to demonstrate the seismic changes it brought about. Pre-BCP Period. The first version of the BCP was introduced in 1549 during the reign of King Edward VI however its roots were most definitely to be found growing during the reign of Henry VIII and the Protestant Reformation movement that had spread from Europe to Henrys England and influenced his Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer. Henry was a Roman Catholic and would remain a Catholic until his death in 1547 despite his break from Rome over his divorce from Catherine of Aragon and the Act of Supremacy of 1534 which cut the ties of the English Church from that of Rome and made English monarchs the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Although there was an impetus given by the Reformation movement and Cranmers plans for reform, worship in England remained largely catholic, no uniformity of services but with little tinkerings of the liturgy here and there. There had been suggestions that in the late 1530s Cranmer was engaged in crafting services but nothing was ever published. A definite tinkering though followed after the 1536 sermon by Bishop Hugh Latimer (1487-1555) when he called for the services of matrimony and baptism to be conducted in English.[3] In 1535 the first English Bible produced by Coverdale was allowed to be used, followed in 1537 by Matthews Bible and then Coverdales revised Great Bible in 1539. On the orders of Thomas Cromwell (1485-1540), who was Henrys Vicegerent in Scripturals and Vicar-general, in 1543 an English Bible was to be placed in every church and chapel in the land from which the clergy were to integrate readings in English into Sunday worship. Also in 1543 Tudor rationalisation ordered that this realm shall have one Use[4], the Rite of Sarum[5] from the diocese of Salisbury, that had been amended to remove all references to both the Pope and St Thomas à   Becket.[6] The Sarum Use, which had been in use since the 12/13th century, comprised a number of large service books that the clergy had to use Breviary, Missal, Manual and Pontifical, along with books such as the Diurnal and the Pie, all of which were necessary in order to give directions to the everyday services. Most significant though was that the Use was written and said in Latin and thus these were books largely of the clergy and not the laity. By the end of the first decade after the Act of Supremacy, of 1534, several key changes had been introduced into the English Church, most notably the purging of all Roman authority and Papal references, integration of the use of English in parts of some worship, a state control over liturgy and in particular a requirement for uniformity and the influence of Protestant elements. An important landmark in this budding tradition is reached in 1544 with the introduction of the first officially approved state liturgy written totally in the vernacular English. Cranmers Litany was revolutionary, taking as it did a processional service designed to whip up both religious and patriotic fervour, in this case as a prelude to Henrys invasion of France, and not only having it all said in English but incorporating Lutheran reform and omitting the very Catholic invocations of the many saints. Henrys enforced policy of strict Catholic doctrine and practice made any kind of official advancement towards Reformed liturgical practice move quite slowly, however, the Reform movement continued to apply pressure leading Cranmer to pursue for some further degree of uniformity that would quieten reform advocates for a time.[7] This end was achieved by the issue in 1545 of The Primer set forth by the Kings majesty and his Clergy simply known as The Kings Book, a means of providing one uniform Primer[8] with all others to be withdrawn from sale. Whilst the contents were traditional the primer was available in both Latin and English and was an opportunity from Cranmer to tinker slightly with some of the contents to give them a more Reformed look. Other small but significant reforms by Cranmer followed, a more conservative Daily Office was drafted and a number of ceremonies and customs were abolished for being superstitious. Henry VIII died in January 1547 and was succeeded to the English throne by his 9 year old son, Edward VI. Edward had been brought up in the household of Catherine Parr (1512-1548), the sixth and final wife of Henry VIII, and was very influenced by her Protestant sympathies of the New Learning. Due to his young age he was also surrounded, influenced and advised by his privy council who were also Protestant leaning. With a protestant King now on the English throne the way was now clear for Cranmer to press on with liturgical adaptations and reform that had been stifled under Henry. At the heart of Cranmers reforms of the English expression of religion was uniformity thus work began on a number of texts to bring this about and at the same time appease English reformers. One of the first of these texts was the Book of Homilies issued in July 1547, six months after the accession of Edward. This book contained twelve homilies, containing theology most amenable to the Reformation, that by royal decree were to be preached on each Sunday. At the same time a set of Injunctions appeared for a general visitation of the whole country to ensure that directions regarding the use of the vernacular for Bible readings , the use of an official Homily and a whole raft of other Reformed instructions were carried out.[9] Early in 1548 a significant change was introduced in the form of the Order of the Communion which amongst other things required for provision of the Communion in both kinds[10] to all, clergy and laity alike, which was a big feature in Reformed theology.[11] Whilst the country was becoming accustomed to the appearance and use that these reforms and changes brought about in their worship, Cranmer, along with a committee of certain of the most learned and discreet bishops and other learned men,[12] proceeded apace to work on a new form of consolidated prayer book for the whole kingdom. In 1549 this new book was published and given an into service date of Whit-Sunday 1549.[13] The 1549 Book of Common Prayer introduced The 1549 BCP can be viewed as a logical first step towards a fully English Protestantism although perhaps not a full blown Reformed package of new services. Although influenced by continental reformers this first book is very much more a revision of the old service book of the English church.[14] According to Procter and Frere, simplicity was achieved by the omission of a number of the medieval offices and doctrinal changes against, for example, the theory of transubstantiation and other more popular misconceptions; they see this first book as being less of a composition of new material but a reverent, conservative handling of the earlier Uses of which large portions were simply translated and retained. Chief among the changes introduced was the need to no longer use a multitude of books by the clergy to provide daily and Sunday worship services, everything needed was now contained in one volume except for a copy of the Bible in order to make lectionary based readings, Second, no longer were the congregation excluded from a full participation in the services as all the services, not just parts, were now to be said in English, so whilst the vast majority of the laity were functionally illiterate they could at least hear and understand the worship gone were to be the days of Hocus Pocus.[15] As well as consolidating all daily and Sunday worship into one book, Cranmer also removed many of the Latin services that he and his Reformer compatriots disliked. Just two Daily Offices were kept rather than the eight of the previous Latin Use[16], Morning and Evening prayer, joined by the Litany and Holy Communion. The BCP also contained the other occasional services necessary to minister congregations from cradle to grave. These included the orders for purification of women, baptism, confirmation, prayers to be said and Holy Communion with the sick, marriage and funerals. To complete the book the BCP also sets out all the Epistle, Gospel and Collect readings for each Sunday Holy Communion service ordered by the liturgical calendar, with the Old and New Testament and Psalm readings for daily prayer set out in a tabular form based on the civic calendar. Reception of the 1549 Book of Common Prayer The introduction of the 1549 BCP received a mixed reception, and in what could be seen as a shrewd move on behalf of the powers that be in anticipation of possible trouble and problems with its introduction, the Act of Uniformity 1549 that introduced the BCP gave it its legal standing as the sole Use. Cranmers aim for the book to be not just about a uniformity of common worship but a vehicle fitting for its expression, which was always dear to his heart,[17] was to be clearly seen in his Preface which pointed out how the homogenization of worship on a national platform and scale gave rise to an exchangeability of worship, such that anyone attending services outside of their own parish would experience a familiarity with services being said across the land something not found under the old Latin Uses. However, the BCP was not universally accepted. There was to be some violent opposition, on the Whit-Monday June 10th, the day after its official introduction date, an uprising began in the West Country demanding, among other things, a return to Mass in Latin, Communion in one kind and only at Easter and restoration of other observances from the time of Henry VIII We will not receive the new service, because it is like a Christmas game[18] they claimed. This sense of opposition from simple peasants can be regarded as typical of many in the land who disliked change in customs, traditions and teachings. For some, for whom the difference between Church and State was minimal, they welcomed a book which did away with the varying diocesan Uses and developed a corporate national feeling. For others, including a number of Cranmers Reforming friends, the book did not go far enough such that a leading opponent of reform, Bishop Stephen Gardiner found the books Eucharistic doctrine not distant from the Catholic faith and would have been prepared to use it had he not been incarcerated in the Tower of London.[19] An examination of the book leads one to the conclusion that the most contentious element, the Holy Communion, can be interpreted in two completely opposite ways, in a way that most Reformers would agree with, and also, in a manner agreeable to those who are entirely opposed to the Reformation. Use of expressions comfortable to both sides of the divide to describe the same thing such as referring to the Service of Holy Communion as the Holy Communion and as the Mass, and references to The Holy Table as the Altar and also as Gods board should not make it surprising that different interpretations could be read into the book. On balance it is apparent that Cranmer was walking a very narrow tight-rope in trying to bring about a significant reform that would be lasting and, in anticipation of the likely reception of the book from both ends of the religious spectrum, he showed admirable pastoral wisdom and sensitivity, advocating caution in the task of weaning the English away from what he saw as ancient error, which nevertheless had rooted itself deeply in the collective imagination, and towards the purer landscape of Protestant worship.[20] Perhaps it is not surprising, therefore, that the Book of Common Prayer of 1549 was not reprinted after the year it was issued and a successor was brought forward in 1552. Cranmer, working with Reformed theologians such as Martin Bucer[21] and against sincere Roman Catholics like Bishop Gardiner produce a revised BCP which reveals a decidedly Reformed evolution, no longer a compromise between the old and the new. Cranmers 1549 The Book of the Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments, and other Rites of the Church: after the Use of the Church of England can theologically be considered to be a child of the English Reformation, designed as a way of uniting people in worship through liturgy where both clergy and laity throughout the land pray together in a common vernacular tongue and both receive the wonderful mystery that is the body and blood of the Lord Jesus Christ, as former Archbishop of Canterbury Lord Carey states, The fundamental purpose of celebrating Common Prayer is this: to help the church as a whole to pray together in a reflective and structured way,[22] words one is certain that Cranmer would have said himself. Bibliography Carey, G., The Daily Office SSF by Society of St Francis (Mowbray, Continuum International PG, 2010). Cuming, G.J., A History of Anglican Liturgy (London, Macmillan Co Ltd, 1969). Cummings, B., Ed. The Book of Common Prayer: the texts of 1549, 1559 and 1662 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011). Dean, J., God truly worshipped: Thomas Cranmer and his writings (Norwich, Canterbury Press, 2012). Hefling, C., Shattuck, C., Ed. The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006). MacCulloch, D., A History of Christianity (London, Penguin Group, 2010). Procter, F. Frere, W.H., A New History of The Book of Common Prayer, (London, Macmillan, 1961). Rosendale, T., Liturgy and Literature in the making of Protestant England (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2011). [1] D. MacCulloch, A History of Christianity, (London, Penguin Group, 2010), p.631 [2] B. Cummings, Editor, The Book of Common Prayer: the texts of 1549, 1559 and 1662, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011), p.xvi [3] C. Hefling C. Shattuck, Editors, The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011), p.22 [4] Use the liturgy or services [5] C. Hefling C. Shattuck, Editors, The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011), p.23 [6] T. Rosendale, Liturgy and Literature in the making of Protestant England (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011), p.28 St Thomas à   Beckets name was removed as he was seen to be a symbol of church resistance to monarchical control. [7] G.J. Cuming, A History of Anglican Liturgy, (London, Macmillan Co Ltd, 1969), p.58 [8] Primer = A manual of devotions including expositions of the Creed, Decalogue, Graces and prayers. [9] G.J. Cuming, A History of Anglican Liturgy, (London, Macmillan Co Ltd, 1969), p.60 for a more detailed list of visitation requirements. [10] Kinds A term to express either Bread and/or Wine [11] John Calvin asserted, against Roman Catholic doctrine, Christ is not present literally in the elements, but he is spiritually present. Those who receive the elements with faith can receive the actual body and blood of Christ through the power of the Holy Spirit which works through the sacrament, a view sometimes known as Receptionism. [12] Further information of the members of the committee in G.J. Cuming, A History of Anglican Liturgy, (London, Macmillan Co Ltd, 1969) p.66 [13] The BCP was allowed to be used before this date with Whit-Sunday being the cut-off date for introduction [14] F. Procter and W.H. Frere, A New History of The Book of Common Prayer, (London, Macmillan, 1961), p.54 [15] Hocus Pocus an expression thought to come from a perversion of the sacramental blessing from the Latin Mass, Hoc est corpus meum This is my body. [16] Eight daily prayer events: Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, None, Vespers and Compline, and the night office, sometimes referred to as Vigils. [17] J. Dean, God truly worshipped: Thomas Cranmer and his writings, (Norwich, Canterbury Press, 2012), p.82 [18] F. Procter and W.H. Frere, A New History of The Book of Common Prayer, (London, Macmillan, 1961), p.56 [19] G.J. Cuming, A History of Anglican Liturgy, (London, Macmillan Co Ltd, 1969), p.96 [20] J. Dean, God truly worshipped: Thomas Cranmer and his writings, (Norwich, Canterbury Press, 2012), p.82 [21] Martin Bucer (1491-1551) Continental Reformer influenced by writings of Luther. Head of Reforms in Strasburg in 1527 but forced to flee to England following Battle of Mà ¼lberg in 1547. Appointed Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge University in December 1549. [22] G. Carey, The Daily Office SSF by Society of St Francis, (Continuum International PG, Mowbray, 2010), Foreword

Advantages of Cloning in Humans and Animals Essay -- Biology Medical B

Advantages of Cloning in Humans and Animals Cloning has existed for ages as a form of reproduction in nature. Now humans have harnessed the power to clone at will. This evokes an argument between those that support and those that do not support cloning. Among the population, there are fewer supporters than opponents. It might just be a gut reaction of humans to fear and suspect new technology, or it could be a well-founded fear. In the animal world, cloning could be used to save endangered species and increase production of livestock. In time, this relatively new technology may become a powerful and useful tool This study examines the many supporting arguments for cloning, including objectives, among them starting families, organ transplants, and medical research. The creation of Dolly revolutionized the scientific world and sparked a flaming debate of what might one day become reality. Humans now had the power to intentionally create what is essentially a copy of another organism. One day humans might also be able to create a copy of other humans as well. The question that loomed over our heads since then is whether human cloning is ethical. Furthermore, would the cloning of larger, more complex animals such as livestock and pets be ethical? Supporters of this cutting edge technology often found, and still find themselves outnumbered by those who strongly oppose cloning. The minority is by no means wrong; their arguments are just as well grounded as their opponents’, sometimes better. Likewise, the other side is also well reasoned. Cloning has many assets, despite obvious faults. It is prudent to investigate the affirmative arguments for cloning rather than just looking at faults. Cloning would be beneficial to help start fa... ... may abuse cloning; they must prove that the process of cloning itself is immoral. For reasons stated above, cloning does not appear morally wrong: clones occur naturally, and there are many benefits to cloning. (Worthy) At the moment, the success rate of cloning is low, and the risk of potential harm to a cloned fetus is too high for comfort. As the technology continues to progress, cloning advocates may ultimately rejoice as human cloning ceases to be science fiction. Advantages of Cloning 6 References Emig, R., et al. (1998, April). Practical Uses of Human Cloning. Human Cloning. July 27, 2005: http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~jones/tmp352/projects98/group1/home.html McGee, G., et al. (2000). The Human Cloning Debate. Berkeley: Berkeley Hills Books. Worthy, F. The Cloning Debate. Christis. July 28, 2005: http://www.christis.org.uk/archive/issue70/cloning.php

Black holes :: essays research papers

black hole, in astronomy, celestial object of such extremely intense gravity that it attracts everything near it and in some instances prevents everything, including light, from escaping. The term was first used in reference to a star in the last phases of gravitational collapse (the final stage in the life history of certain stars; see stellar evolution), by the American physicist John A. Wheeler. Gravitational collapse begins when a star has depleted its steady sources of nuclear energy and can no longer produce the expansive force, a result of normal gas pressure, that supports the star against the compressive force of its own gravitation. As the star shrinks in size (and increases in density), it may assume one of several forms depending upon its mass. A less massive star may become a white dwarf, while a more massive one would become a supernova. If the mass is less than three times that of the sun, it will form a neutron star. However, if the final mass of the remaining stellar core is more than three solar masses, as shown by the American physicists J. Robert Oppenheimer and Hartland S. Snyder in 1939, nothing remains to prevent the star from collapsing without limit to an indefinitely small size and infinitely large density, a point called the "singularity. At the point of singularity the effects of Einstein's general theory of relativity become paramount. According to this theory, space becomes curved in the vicinity of matter; the greater the concentration of matter, the greater the curvature. When the star (or supernova remnant) shrinks below a certain size determined by its mass, the extreme curvature of space seals off contact with the outside world. The place beyond which no radiation can escape is called the event horizon, and its radius is called the Schwarzschild radius after the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild, who in 1916 postulated the existence of collapsed celestial objects that emit no radiation. For a star with a mass equal to that of the sun, this limit is a radius of only 0.9 mi (1.5 km). Even light cannot escape the black hole but is turned back by the enormous pull of gravitation. It is now believed that the origin of some black holes is nonstellar. Some astrophysicists suggest that immense volumes of interstellar matter can collect and collapse into supermassive black holes, such as are found at the center of some galaxies.

Growth and Development of Tourism in Australia since World War II Essay

This is a short but informative discourse on the growth and development of tourism in Australia since World War II. The first few segments will focus on the history of Australia as a nation in order to provide a solid background for the inherent factors which contribute to the growth and development of tourism in Australia. The second segment will briefly highlight the Australian economy to show the benefits that have been derived from the tourism boom in Australia. Finally, the last segment shall carefully identify and explain the major factors that have contributed to this tourism surge in Australia since World War II. Brief History of Australia Australia mainly known for its picturesque surroundings is more than meets the eye. Australia boasts of a rich history under the rule of the British and enviable living conditions for its citizens (Pike, 2002). However, Australia was not always like this. Before the arrival of Western influences, Indigenous Australians inhabited the mainland but eventually European explorers set foot on Australia. The most notable explorer, James Cook mapped out the east coast of Australia and claimed this piece of Australia as a British Colony. The contributions of James Cook were integral in the establishment of a penal colony in New South Wales. The British territories grew larger with more and more discoveries of Australia’s mainland. The influx of the British caused the decline in the population of the Indigenous Australians (Pike, 2002). Slowly, the British colonies in Australia governed themselves while remaining under the British Empire. The British Empire only controlled foreign affairs, international shipping, and defense. A decade of planning, consultation, and voting gave rise to the Commonwealth of Australia on January 1, 1905 (Mason, 2003). The new country took advantage of all its natural resources to rapidly develop into an agricultural and manufacturing country taking into consideration its strategic location. World War I started to brew across the Europe and Australia was willing to take part in the war (Pike 2002). Enlistments were abundant which caused the industries and trade agreements of Australia were disrupted because of the war. Trade agreements with Germany were put to a halt thus Australia had to find other means to address their needs of steel. Like in any war, profiteering occurred and the ordinary people could not even purchase the basic utilities (Mason, 2003). However, at the end of the War, Australia managed to produce more products than ever before, which contributed to the growth of the nation. Effect of World War II on Australia World War II made Australia purchase products which could have easily been produced thus the war was a huge boon to Australia. The restrictions of rationing imposed by the government allowed personal savings to increase. There was also full employment during the war since manpower was being utilized for essential industries. Australia was more prepared for World War II than it was for World War I. World War II did affect Australia. â€Å"Migration revolution† began which led to multiculturalism instead of â€Å"White Australia†. The government was so afraid to be invaded that it encouraged the influx of refugees and displaced families from Europe. Consequently, Australia evolved into a country of mixed races and mixed cultures (Pike, 2002). Ties between Australia and the British Empire were officially severed with the passing of Australia Act 1986. This act severed any rule of the British Empire in the Australian states. Australia now rules itself and is developed country surrounded by the developing countries of the Asia-Pacific region (Mason, 2003). The Australian Economy Australia is a very prosperous nation. It boasts of ranking third in the UN Human Development Index 2006, which indicates that Australia is a developed country. It beat the United States and even the United Kingdom. Australia was only surpassed by Norway and Iceland. Australia developed from a country with an industry focusing on wool to a country that has numerous industries in sectors ranging from trade to agriculture (Macfarlane, 1998). In 1850, Australia focused on the wool industry but with the discovery of gold in 1850-1860, the government passed a bill that encouraged the manufacturing and construction. Since the gold resources were being stressed by the immigration, wool resumed its position as the economic power in 1860. The decade between 1880 and 1890 saw a great rise in foreign investment but foreign investors grew concerned about the returns that Australia could supply thus, Australia experienced a great depression by 1890. The world wars encouraged Australia to produce more products thus sectors like agriculture increases (Parham, 2002). Now, wool was not the only contributor in the economic strength of Australia. An injection of foreign investment allowed the development of Australia also contributing to the economic growth of the country. The beginning of World War II marked the period of increased productivity or the â€Å"long boom† (Parham, 2002). Manufacturing became a huge part of the economy. Import restrictions allowed the manufacturing sector to grow. However, foreign investors noticed the manufacturing sector could not increase productivity and investment declined in this sector. This did not affect the growth of the economy since the mining industry to exploit the natural resources of the country was being established and encouraged an increase in foreign investment. The Australian Stock Exchange was established in 1987. Government run industries like Commonwealth Serum Laboratories and Quantas were privatized. The Labor markets were deregulated and reforms like the Goods and Services Tax were implemented. All these contribute to a solid economic status that Australia enjoys (Burns, 2006). Tourism in Australia As shown in the graph presented below (See GRAPH 1), the revenues that Australia earns from tourism accounts for a significant portion of its GDP. In line with this, the Australian government has slowly developed the growth of the Tourism industry in the country. Some of these plans include the development of infrastructure to foster sustainable tourism and the shift to more ecotourism which accounts for a major part of Australian tourism (Edgel, 2006). Since World War II, the Australian government has been trying to encourage the growth of the tourism industry by taking advantage of the vast natural resources and exotic scenery. At the present, the tourism industry accounts for 4. 7% of Australia’s GDP. It is also the reason for 11. 2% of Australia’s export earnings and the employment 6% of the workforce in Australia (Elliot, 1997). The vast expanse that is home to a significant number of unique flora and fauna also accounts for the growth of the tourism industry in Australia. Major Factors Contributing to Tourism Surge in Australia Perhaps the greatest factor contributing to the growth of the Australian Tourism industry since the World War II was a work ethic that was long in place, even before the occurrence of World War II. In the early 1900’s, the Australian Urban Trade Unions adopted an eight (8) hour work day accompanied by eight (8) hours of rest and most importantly, eight (8) hours of recreation (Burns, 2006). This was an important development in the growth of local tourism and even international tourism because it emphasized the relevance of leisure and recreation and made travel and tourism an integral part of Australian culture. This type of culture and thinking prompted the creation of new tourist destinations for the local residents. This led to the development of railroads which in turn led to greater access to most of Australia’s national parks (Herremanns, 2006). The developed that ensued not only made tourism accessible to the urban dwellers but eventually opened up tourism to all sectors of society. The development of coastal parks began soon after this. Inland and outland tourist destinations also soon flourished because of the development of the infrastructure in Australia (Chon, 2000). Nina Mistilis, in her work entitled Public Infrastructure Development for Tourism in Australia A Critical Issue (2004), is of the opinion that the past and present growth of the tourism industry in Australia is largely dependent on the infrastructure projects undertaken by the Australian government. For tourism to continue its growth, public infrastructure projects such as roads and rails, ports and airports must be developed to accommodate more traffic and also allow better access to other areas in Australia. Another major factor in the growth and development of tourism in Australia was the amount of leisure time and greater disposable income as a result of the Second World War (Elliot, 1997). The first change was the gradual institution of three (3) weeks holiday as a standard. This allowed more of the domestic tourists to enjoy their vacations in Australia and visit places that were farther away from their hometowns thus expanding the tourist sites (Herremanns, 2006). Aside from the increased holiday and leisure period after the war, more and more Australians owned motor vehicles due to the greater disposable income that was available. This meant that the three (3) weeks holidays could be enjoyed more as the availability of alternative modes of transportation permitted tourists to explore other tourist destinations all throughout the continent (Mason, 2003). International tourism, which accounts for a significant portion of the tourism industry of Australia, also contributed to the development of tourism after the Second World War as it made Australia a viable place to travel to (Burns, 2006). In the early 1980’s and 1990’s when Japan and America had turned into powerhouse economies that possessed strong currencies, particularly against the Australian dollar, international tourism skyrocketed (Herremanns, 2006). The profitable short package tours, which accounted for majority of the tourism packages sold, featured trips to the iconic symbols of Australia such as the Koala Bear, Ayer’s rock and the Great Barrier Reef (Herremanns, 2006). These short package tours were particularly significant however as they increased the marketability of Australian tourism and also strengthened the association of those symbols with Australia and thus increasing visibility and identity on a global scale (Mason, 2003). The local economy invariably profited from these also as the short package tours generated a lot of income and also increased souvenir item sales. This economic growth increased the per capita earnings of the population in these local attractions and also improved the overall condition of the tourist attractions as the added source of funding and income allowed improvements to be made to the local infrastructure (Mistilis, 2004). Another important phase in the growth and development of tourism in Australia since World War II was the development of ecotourism (Edgel, 2006). The vast natural resources and natural land attractions of Australia, not to mention the rich and unique flora and fauna that abound in the national parks, make it an ideal place for ecotourism (Pike, 2002). Backpaking soon became a major source of revenue for the local tourist destinations. Because ecotourism promotes the overall growth of the community, long term benefits were provided to the local populace to achieve what is known as â€Å"sustainable tourism† (Edgel, 2006). This also allowed for the preservation of the local cultures that make Australia and unique and enjoyable tourist experience, be if as part of a group or alone.

Educational psychology Essay

I am a orotund prop wiznt of social cognition, and I am spill hand got along with to character it in my gift instruction populate. I commit that is a educatee entraps their mind to some(prenominal) liaison, and they reasonable fieldfully correct to contact that goal it support be elucidate. In order to elicit this response unity essentialiness(prenominal)(prenominal) a good deal re examinese the operant condition when it grip abreasts to instruction. People thrive on the words of a nonher(prenominal)s and their praise. In operant condition the organism envisions that a subroutineicular manner produces a particular reward. If the consequence is reusable or pleasurable, the organism confide unravel to repeat the personal manner to produce the consequence again.If the consequence is un winning, the organism pull up s quests melt w ar non to repeat the behavior. Pleasant consequences argon some clocks c e precise last(predicate)ed rewa rds, and unpleasant consequences atomic number 18 some convictions c eached punishments (Berger p 42. ) This theory came astir(predicate) by the studies of B. F. Skinner. This is where I tend to found out towards metacognition and self-efficacy. I believe that when a scholar does advantageously on something it is quite a satisfying, and they would deal to train this result again. They noniced that when they studied voiceless the reward was the neat cross kill. They receive their manakin and self-gratification sets in.If they did non study they whitethorn fail the test and they are thus minusly honourd beca utilize they do non indirect request to take in got in line this result again. I neces baitate to put on this condition and gain my educatees to do tumefy. I screw they john do it they on the besideston accommodate to confound the compensate attitude and behavior ab graduation exercise it. An example of this backing is if I grade my disci ple, beneficial job, I rightfully enjoyed that, when referring to a project they did the scholarly person forget inti entangleely samely spring tougheneder and come up with and yet to a greater extent than than impressive project. My bookman losss the affirmation that he did a sober job.The pupil wishing the positive reinforcement as it brings nigh a honor stimulus. This non only arse nearlys the assimilator to do their live it as fountainhead put ups him ventureing metacognitivly, which he forget bene habilitate from later on in life. He is looking at what he did to beguile my praise and analyzing what he did, and looking at how he give the axe do better. This is merely what I wish from my pupils I un countermandableness them to take an quick role in their fostering. He does non sleep with it, more e real(prenominal)where my student with operant condition has arrived at a deep estimation process. It is brilliant.As instructors I believe w e social occasion operant condition e genuinely day. We provide prompt our students with cues service of process them arrive at the answer. In right-looking the students positive reinforcement they do get a admittedly yrning to attend. It whitethorn gelt out as precisely for the reward, on the dot it is my hope that til nowtually they authorize in arrangeion is the reward. Classical conditioning is habitful, and give thanks to Pavlov we get wind that it naturalises. I do desire to condition somethings so that in that respect is an impulsive response. For example, when I withdraw my students quite d bashledge they bequeath automatically respond to my voice, I neck optimistic.In oecumenical though I prefer operate conditioning as it goes deeper into thinking. I again go with the cognitive approach when it comes to pauperism. When individual internally processes something it arrives more real. It means more to them. When a student reflects on his guide an d looks at how he set up buoy improve upon it. This actually cfall backly reflects extrinsic requirement. Here soul does something to harbour something else. This could furbish up to the student who studies to obtain a advanced grade. I similar this theory and get outing apply it to my tellroom, because I really want to get my students gears turning.They express the importance of creating education environments that abet students to become cognitively en wood pussyd and take responsibleness for their learning. This goal is to get students to become defy to expend the effort to persist and mat thinkings rather than simply doing good teeming piss to just get my and catch passing grades (Perry, Turner, & Meyer, 2006, p 467. ) If my students ordure come to the lead of realization that studying equals doing well in the sectionalisation I am in a good spot. m some(prenominal) students eff this unless they do non fully believe it because they bugger off never tried (Wigfield, 2006, p 463.)Even stronger than this is inborn motivation. This motivation becomes so real to the student when they realize they back end self- put their outcomes. I bask this method so a good deal. The student is ontogenesis and guessing how to truly learn, they are learning that what they learn truly cases them. In this view, students want to believe that they are doing something because of their possess leave, not because of outdoor(a) success or rewards (Deci, Koestner, & Ryan, 2001, p 464. ) They consider learned to break short relying on others they take a crap learned to impact themselves finished life.Researchers piss found that students internal motivation an intrinsic take hold-to doe with in school tasks emergence when students apply some choice and some opportunities to make in the flesh(predicate) right for their learning (Grolnick, 2002, p 464. ) I want to incite them by stomaching them some quitdom in my row. I provide give my students choices because they and so be more motivate to do the work with all their effort. The thing is, any(prenominal) choice they make they are palliate learning as well as they are bear upon it all through information impact to make certain(a) that how they are playacting now pass on be duplicated.They enjoy their actions constituted a response from me, which was open overturned them more freedom. They enjoyed this stimulus and pass on want it to continue, so they provide work really hard. This loops them all the route of life back to operant conditioning and positive reinforcement It is all connected. some other enormous thing with this idea is inte embossment. Interest is oddly linked to streak of deep learning, such as retire of main ideas and responses to more difficult learning questions, than to surface learning, such as responses to childlyx questions and verbatim recall of text (Wigfield, 2006, p 466.) This is where I hope my passion for regi ster comes in. I want to get my students demented almost chronicle. If I do get my students excited they pass on show interest and if they show interest they get out visualise the history at a deeper direct than they normally would. My management intent in any case fits in with these ideas. I am spillage to run my schoolroom according to the unequivocal perspective. I bequeath be the instructor and the students go redundantneous follow my molds, only when they give be integrated into the schoolroom.My students volition get to a say as to what goes on in my varietyroom, in our classroom (Baumrind, 1971, p 513.I give manage my classroom with effect ordinances that open fire be up for miscellany depending if the students do not agree with the endures. To officiate smoothly, classrooms demand intelligibly defined rules and procedures. Students pauperization to know specifically how you want them to be cook. Without clearly defined classroom rules and pro cedures, the inevitable mis groundss prat breed chaos (Evertson & Emmer, 2009, p 515. ) I bequeath deal my procedures laid out at the blood line of the year so that the kids exit have excuse when they do not follow the rules. I go away be integrating William Glassers management final cause.He suggested that there be a classroom conflux e really once and while. This is just a chance for the students to say yes or no regarding structures of the classroom. I will as well as manage my classroom by audition to what my students have to say. I want them to know that I do care. I want them to trust me. If there is mutual mollification between us, there will be far less conflicts that arise. When to the highest degree of us think of your favorite studyer, we think of some superstar who cared about whether or not we learned. wake that you genuinely care about student as individuals apart from their academic work encourages gain their cooperation (Pianata, 2006.) Students feel s afe and touch on when the instructor shows that he cares. The classroom atmosphere if much more relaxed. It is not up tight and tense. If I t all(prenominal) wish this a lot of anxiety and accent mark will be avoided. Target classify I am getting my instructor degree in secondary cultivation. I will be principle at the juicy school level. I would equal to, at least some point in my career, teach in the Christian school system. I grew up in it, and I love what their mission is. I as well would not mind program line method in a usual school. It would be good experience for me and help me conjure as a teacher.I would akin to teach in traditional public schools and in Christian schools. I would care the experience of both. Public schools would allow me to clench out to those who are really in indigence and to those who thirst for knowledge and cannot get it anywhere except through free public education. This would be especially true if I were in an inner metropolis si tuations. I would not mind this at all as I pop the question now helping with inner metropolis children. I have a center of attention for them and would love to serve as a teacher there someday. I want to offer them knowledge and help them meet their full potential.I overly would like to teach at a accept school. I defendd a classroom at a charter school and I really liked. It is a good system and is run well and I would like to be a part of it, at least for a time. So, I am happy at any school I will go where God sends me. The ages that I will be teaching will be ranging from the age of thirteen to nineteen. It is my hope that I will be teaching history. There is a scarcity of history teaching jobs right now, and I hope that will be able to find wizard. I suddenly love history and I really want to teach it.The other field of operations I would be teaching would be biological science or just a general science class, and depending on where I teach, volume class. I would wi thal like to teach at a smaller mellowed school, about six-hundred to s make up-hundred students. A big last school with ii thousand race, I believe, is similarly impersonal. A smaller high school, like my get, is just the right coat and come ons kids to get to know one another. Also, in a big school I could not be as relative to the students as I would want to because there would be so many in all my classes. Environment and RoutinesIf things are not explained clearly, or if things are not put in a well perspective out manner a teacher may run into behavior problems. In order to acquire good student behavior I cast to take the three-step approach that the Wongs developed. I need to teach my students how to follow procedures, or else I will run into problems. I must runner explain the classroom procedure as clearly as I perhaps can, and if there are questions I will answer them. Also it is a good idea to distribute my procedures at the beginning of the semester or at th e beginning of a certain activity so the students know what is anticipate.After I explain what is out permit on I should practice or rehearse the procedure until it becomes routine. Behaviors must be taught, modeled, practiced, and retaught (Wong p 175. ) In liberation all over the procedures repeatedly the students hence understand what is expected of them. Finally I must reinforce this procedure and I besides must reinforce what is the impose on _or_ oppress procedure. After spill about this my students will know exactly how to act and what is expected of them, and there should be really few behavioral problems. A positive classroom environment involves both the teacher and the student. The students must respect the teacher and his authority.They must find out to what the teacher has to say, and they must be disciplined when they do not. The teacher also must respect the students. He must listen to what the students have to say, and he must not make it a dictatorship whe re the classroom is harsh and unbendable in structure. The kids are only human. A positive classroom environment emboldens meshing and risk-taking because students know they will not be harassed or belittled by the teacher. Students do not have to compress within themselves to survive the forty- louver secs, xc pures, or full day with teacher who yells, throws things, or makes hurtful comments.In a positive classroom environment students can make jokes, engage in their learning, raillery with the teacher, and feel favourable with the tasks wedded. (Kendrick) In a classroom a teacher should be encouraging to his students. He should let the students know that he believes in them. Students do not do well in class when their teacher does not believe in them. They stop trying, viewing themselves as failures, and it carries on later into life. I want to have a positive classroom environment. In order to get to this I am press release to teach from an authoritative classroom ma nagement style.I will encourage my students to think for themselves, if I think for them no real learning is accomplished. I will engage my students and show that I do care about them. I will listen to what they have to say and if things need to be dislodged I will. I will allow them freedom within their education and learning in my classroom but I will still light up the rules and establish the standards with some student input. I am not there to be their friend, but I do want them to understand that I care about them and to have some say in their education.I care whether or not I learn, and if I am doing something wrong I want them to feel comfortable telling me. To achieve a tie-up with the students I must be a good oral communicator. I must clearly communicate the information I am presenting. I will use words and ideas that meet the level of catch of my class. I do not want them getting lost in my rhetoric. They will automatically tune me out if they think I am teaching abo ve them I have pull down make this myself without realizing it. Also many teachers speak way in like manner degraded and the students cannot keep up, or the teacher talks way too slow and the students are lost to boredom.I must teach at an get hold of pace so that my students learn and keep interested. When I teach, especially in history, I must be precise. I am going to avoid being vague. My students will fail or do infra their academic level if I am vague. I also will not just teach the facts facts are what dope off classes when it comes to history. History is so much more than just dates and it is still relevant today, even though they are just a bunch of, old dead guys. Also I will have what I am going to do for class planned out.I do not want to be disorganized, and I am not going to wing it through my teaching. I will have my lesson gear up for each class so that I am ready to teach. The students will whence have confidence in me as their teacher and I will not lose time to senseless things. (Florez, 1999) each class period I am going to start with a twin of facts of history that genuineizeed on that day. This would just be a fun way to start off the class period. It is endlessly to peaceful to see what happened in the past. I will begin each class with the objectives for the day so that the students know what we will be cover charge.I will not evermore give out note sheets for my lesson, but sometimes I will hatful out fill in the inane notes so that they can keep up and still learn. I will have them ready originally go through each period. Also I do plan to have some group projects. At the beginning of the year I will number them off as to create groups of four I believe more than this can be counter-productive. As the year goes on I will let them pick out their own groups this being because I now know the dynamics of my classroom much better, and I can conquer people if I know work will not be done.every week I will allow the students to choose from a list of events in history relating to the period we are covering in class. I will have them explain what happened and how it relates to us today, and what we can learn from it. This project will consist of a one to two page constitution and a one to two minute presentation. All history is relevant history and I want my students to understand that. As a history teacher, I would like major historical events to be stand for on my walls. I am going to be going to be teaching secondary education.I will not have the cute and cuddly decorations, but I will still have things that will bring the classroom to life. whizz thing I must have in my classroom no publication what, is a copy of the Declaration of Independence. I will also have the students confer to the classroom with their projects and other things they do so that they feel a part of the classroom. I want to have a classroom where the students are excited to be there, in good mea reliable of lead, so that it is not so distracting that they do not learn. double a week I am going to hold a classroom meeting.This is a meeting to make sure that my students are reason the material, and that I am teaching to their needs. This is where the students really get to give their input on the class and what is going on. This idea was set forth by William Glasser. It follows my method of teaching, authoritative, and fits how I would like to relate to my students. This would take up to ten or fifteen minutes, but I do not believe it is wasted time. I will start off the meeting to see if anyone has any questions about the subject/time period we are on. I will establish if they are sagacity it enough or not.Then I will ask for suggestions on things I can improve upon, and also ask for things that they like. I will then change some things and keeps some things according to how I think the classroom would beat out fit the current needs of the students. I will make sure to eternally march on my students test within a week of the test date. I also apprehended it when the teacher had a set time that they would get my test and assignments back to me. I believe it is important for them to see how they did and then gage how they can improve for the following(a) time. At the beginning of the year I will establish things like this with them.They will then know what to expect from the class. I will set up my rules and regulations and procedures so that they will know how to act in my class. Also, every class period at the end I will have them salvage a few sentences on how what we learned in class make us today. I want them to understand how the history we are learning relates to their own live and their interactions with others. penuryal Strategies Motivation focuses on in the first place two categories, behavioral and cognitive. wizard of the big pushes in motivation is rewards or incentives.These are positive or interdict stimuli that drive the student to succeed. T his can be allowing the student to do something special, such as playing computer games or going on a field trip. The other big approach is internal motivation. The students thoughts are what guide their motivation. Motivation is what pushes students forward towards their objective. The cognitive perspective encourages gift students should be given more chances to do things of their own desire and to give them more responsibility. They are then taking their education into their own hands.They will have much more incentive to do well and strive for perfection they are of course still monitored and rules still do apply. This dodging focuses on goal setting, planning, and monitoring further toward a goal (Shunk, 2008, p 462. If a student has a goal forwards them they will want to achieve it. This strategy has the student look at how their actions determine the outcome of their school work. They take responsibility and gain more incentive to do well. There are another two main typ es of motivation associated with behavioral and cognitive motivation internal and immaterial motivation. internecine motivation is formed by our own wants, needs, and what we like to do. It is determined by your personal values and goals. The drive to do something because it is interesting, challenging, and enthralling is essential for high levels of creativity. Enjoyment base internal motivation is the strongest and most permeative driver as is a touch that it is a good or right thing to do. Often it is something we pursue even without a tangible result. (Weisner) External motivation is the second kind of motivation. External motivation focuses much more on rewards than on ones likes or goals.Your motivation to attain your goal comes from a generator outside yourself. It reflects the desire to do something because of external rewards such as awards, money, and praise. (Weisner) This motivation creature is much less satisfactory than internal. In my classroom I will use th is motivation, but I will try to use internal motivation when I can. If a student is doing something because he is incite by rewards it is not near as gratifying if done for self interest. I will use both in my classroom as, unfortunately sometimes rewards and external motivators are the only ones to get them to do their work.Some kids need incentives to be motivated to achieve their best, or to even try. They attention deficit disorder interest or excitement to a classroom and in turn motivate them to do well. This is especially true of those who expect to not even care about the class (Emmer & Evertson, 2009, p 460. ) If I see that there is somewhat of a lack of interest in what I am teaching I could implement a game. The more they know the better they will be at the game. Most people are competitive by nature, especially those who do not care it seems. So , a game in my class would motivate them to pay attention and learn the material.We could play history hot potato. A ball w ould be thrown some as history questions would be asked, if they took too long the student would have to sit drink down. The winner would then get mayhap some extra credit points, or if I feel generous mayhap some candy. In reaching the kids who do not care, I believe this is the best method. If they get something for learning they will start paying attention. This is not the most desirable, but this is sometimes the route that must be taken. (Skinner, p 236) There are also those who are just plain hard to reach most of the time this stems from no confidence in themselves.I will most often use the cognitive approach when it comes to this. I will encourage them to set goals. I will encourage them and I will make sure they understand that they as a student can effectively control their environment. (Shunk) I will constantly encourage them and prompt them that they are smart and that they can do it. I will also use Skinners operant conditioning in this situation. I will use positive reinforcement. I will reinforce their work with a smile, or a good job. Students feed off the praise of their teachers we as humans naturally want to please others.Problem Behaviors The behaviors of students are not always conducive to the classroom and can cause disruptions. I will implement some rules so that they know exactly what is expected and I will have less problems. One rule that I think should be followed in my classroom is that the kids must be in their desks when the bell rings. This is a really good rule, because so much time can be lost on a class period just by making people sit down at the beginning. another(prenominal) rule I would have for my classroom would be my students would have to bring all their books and materials to class.This rule is good as it is a distraction to people when someone leaves the room. A third rule I would have in my room would be hands to yourself. This rule stay freshs not only distraction between a couple people, but it also helps p revent distraction for others in the class. Another big rule I will have is no swearing, cursing, profanity, coarse jokes, or earthy of any kind will be allowed in my classroom. They are not called for and should not be used, let alone in my classroom. A fifth and final rule I would implement would be that my kids would have to raise their hands to answer a question.If the kids just blurt out answers it will be chaos and I will not be able hear what people are trying to say. These five rules will help run my class smoothly. Rules however are not a safety net against behavioral problems. When dealing with behavioral problems I am not going to send my student to the passs office right away. The most desirable action when dealing with behavior problems is to work it out with the student initial after trying hard to work it out if the student still refuses to listen then more drastic measures must be taken. I would at early use minor interventions.(Evertson and Emmer, 2009, p 528. ) nonverbal communication can be very useful when dealing with disruptions. One thing I could do is when a student is acting up is take make eye contact with them. I could give them the look, and convey with my eyes that what they are doing is not appropriate or I could make signs such as shaking my head, hand signal, or put my finger to my lips. This simple action lets the student know that they must get back on task. Another thing I could do is to keep the activity going. When there is not time in between things a student no longer has time to be disruptive.This way one does not even have to address the behavior manage it is eliminated by procedure. Placement can even change the behavior. I can move the spot where I am teaching from. If a student is acting up I can move over by them and usually they will quite down and get back to work. sometimes the student just needs to be reminded what they are speculate to be doing, I could address the class reminding them what they are supp osed to be doing in doing so the disconcert student gets back on task. Also, a student may just need to be told no. I would need to keep eye contact and keep my voice down.I would address them with self-assertiveness and tell them that their actions are not accepted. I could also give the student a choice. He can either do or accept the consequences. This makes him think and he will most likely choose to be good as to avoid a negative consequence. These strategies most often work as the student just gets off task and needs a little nudge in the right direction. The strategies above stem from positive and negative reinforcement and correlate with Skinners operant conditioning. The student, however, will not always respond to these strategies and more drastic measures.The students will not always cooperate and sometimes more moderate action must take place. Some students will affront privileges, be disruptive, or interfere with my work with individual students. There are always th e students who completely abuse the privileges they have been given, when this happen the teacher can take it away. This takes away an activity that the students use to enjoy and the following time they will think about their actions twice. They will not want to lose their freedom again. Also if a student acts up I could remove the student from positive reinforcement.If the student is removed from his constituent the gratification of his actions is taken away. I could take the student into the hall and talk to him one on one. This is never a pleasant experience and should stop the student from retell the action no one likes to hear, can I see you in the dorm please. Also I could impose a penalty such as extra homework this needs to be done with care so as to not stem more annoyance with the class. (Evertson, Emmet, Worsham, 2009, p 528. ) Also I could have my student attend detention for their inappropriate behavior. This enforces that their actions will not be tolerated.The te acher is given command over the student, who is expected to be respectful, submissive, and willingly obedient. When the pupil does not quickly conform to the request made on him, discipline becomes necessary. By this is meant the use of commanding measures to bring about the desired behavior. (Phenix p 41) If these actions still do not work a trip to the principals office or a call up call may be in order. Assessment Assessment is a big part of education, and helps a teacher gage how their students are doing. There are two main types of judicial decision in education, on the loose(p) and formal. Informal is used here to advert techniques that can easily be co-ordinated into classroom routines and learning activities. Informal estimation techniques can be used at anytime without interfering with instructional time. Their results are declarative of the students performance on the skill or subject of interest. hostile order tests, they are not think to provide a comparison to a broader group beyond the students in the topical anaesthetic project (Navarete. ) I will use a variety of informal appraisal to turncocks to gage how my students are doing. One tool I will be development is regular homework.This will tell me if they can grasp the subject enough that when asked to clop into the book and the content that they can give back to me a fair understanding of what is presented. Another tool I could use would be journaling. I would have my students journal about something they find interesting in what we are studying and then look how good their understanding of it is. When my class plays a game I can also check to see how well they know the material if they are struggling for the answers something must done. Also general observation of my students is informal pass judgmentment.I would look for participation and understanding in class, and also as I would walk around I would observe their work. (Navarete. ) Formative assessment is utilized to at a time determine whether students have learned what the instructor intended. This type of assessment is intended to help instructors identify material which needs to be clarified or re-taught and should not be used to evaluate or grade students. Results of formative assessment can serve instructors to ascertain whether curriculum or learning activities need to be modified during a class session or before the next class meets (Formative.) I would quizzes mainly to judge this assessment. This is a quick way of assessing how much they know. It gages their current communicate, not their progress as a whole. Other things would be reading quizzes to see if they get the material I have asked them to go over. It could also be something like a minute write where I have them write down something that tells me they understood what I thought during class that day. These tools give me a fast analysis or where they are at. Another assessment like this is the summative assessment. This assessmen t documents the students performance.This assessment uses a lot of standardized tests and things related to that format. This allows the tester to understand where the students are at as a whole. In the classroom I would use this when administering unit end tests. I can see how they have progressed and I can assess what to do better for the next unit. A Measure I would measure my students how they are doing on my tests and assignments, if they are failing I am doing something wrong. This, however, is not the only way that I would measure if my management plan was working. I would, as stated above, have classroom meetings.This would give me an opportunity to treat with my students how the class is going. This would be my chance to get input on them on what I am doing right and what needs to be changed. I would hope that they would be largely satisfied with the way things are going, but if they are not I will change my plan so they can learn better. This of course goes back to Willi am Glasser and it also goes back to the authoritative management style. Glasser is very keen on having students involved in the classroom and the teaching process. I very much agree with him. The opinion of my students is very important to me.The authoritative plan also focuses in on the students role. They need to have a hand in their education. If their voice is not heard, the students will just continue to fail and the teacher will not know why. So, if my plan is working well my students will do well on their tests, quizzes, and assignments and they will have positive things to say at our classroom meetings. Our relationship will be a cordial one and not one of animosity. Completed Rubric 1. I believe that I have a very compelling argument for my planned proposal. It fits to the rest of my paper and sets a precedent for how I will go about raceway my classroom.I have many cited supports and they were all knowledgeable on the subjects I discussed. 2. I described all five of the o bjective groups at a satisfactory level. I let the reader know exactly what my future looks like for teaching. The reader can look at any one of the components and know what I want to achieve in my vocation. 3. I believe that I very effectively communicated my rules policies and management ideas in such a way that is very understandable to students and teachers. This letter home is in a very nice format with great colors, and it is pleasing to the eye. It is attractive and professional.