Impact of Globalisation on Nation Borders

Impact of Globalisation on Nation BordersGlobalization has had its refers on world cross- leap flows e.g flow of capital. There has been an increase in international economical activity which has expanded world parcel out and general capital flow. Goods are flowing across national borders easily through reduced dole out barriers and impudent transportation methods. However, it rotternot be stated that the world has become borderless. The aim of this paper is to show (through examining the U.Ss border and trade among Canada) that borders unflustered exist and impact daily trade. In fact, it can be anticipated to see that there are new types of borders or divides being formed at bottom countries such as the U.S. Borders are being used to reinforce protection, define territories and influence prices of material imported from other countries. Borders can be viewed differently depending on their purpose and blank space from which the border is being viewed. From those differen t perspectives we can see that the world still has borders, they just change in their black market depending on different aspects (Globally, multinationally or Realistic).Economies of nations are correlated through trade of goods, services, information and even migration. Economic integration reduces barriers among national economies through presidential terms lowering tariffs and other trade barriers strengthening trade and helps create a borderless world. Technological advances in communication have also promoted integration in the way that they ease access to knowledge of further consumers and products. Borders still have impacts on markets even close countries such as, U.S product markets and neighbouring country, Canada. The idea of having no borders and complete economic integration means having no trade barriers between countries. Canada and USA have eliminated numerous barriers of trade between them, CUSFTA and NAFTA had eliminated barriers to bilateral trade for numerou s goods before the recent trade agreements (Ceglowski, pg 22).Geographically, these countries are in favourable locations for trade. greater distances would lead to higher costs for transportation and services hindering the economic integration between them. USA and Canada parcel of land one long border which can easily be crossed through land or water. Over of the Canadian population lives at bottom 100 miles of the U.S border therefore the two countries share a number of social, political, cultural aspects. Majority of these countries population speak the same language which all together encourages bilateral trade and other cross border activities. They currently exchange approximately $1 billion goods and services per day, theyre the worlds largest bilateral trade flow. However, the border still affects economic activities between them. Research shows that Canadian provinces trade much more with other Canadian provinces than the U.S states of same economic size and distance. O ntario which is roughly the same distance from British capital of South Carolina and Washington traded 7 times more with B.C than Washington in 1990. Despite Washington being a larger economy there was an apparent basis bias in Canadian merchandize (Ceglowski, pg 23).There are other nontariff barriers such as licensing, health and safety regulations, govt procedures that often impact trade. For example, in earliest 1990s Ontario established a 10% tax on all can beers with the aim to encourage container reusing. However, the U.S beer manufactures saw this as a protectionist rule because they loosely sell their beer in cans which meant the tax would have a huge impact on their product (Ceglowski, pg 24).If borders were non-existent and had no impact on trade, there would be no price difference or different currencies between same products in the two countries. In the case of USA and Canada, despite the distance being significantly lower than other trading countries, prices between a city in Canada and USA are higher than it would be between cities within the same country. rase between U.S.A and Canada, there is a difference in currency which is another indicator of a border. International transactions have risks which also act as barriers for international trade (Ceglowski, pg 25).Borders still round critical roles in politics. Some may argue that their functions are changing rather than them fading. Malcolm Anderson considers borders as a self-propelling element of the state theyre used as an instrument of state policy. When governments change the place and function of their borders, its for specific benefits for their state and citizens. The policies and actions of state political science are impelled by clearly defined borders and borders are used as national identities. Moraczeska compares the role and place of borders according to their perception, importance and actions taken to carry through rules within the borders. In her comparison, Moraczeska compares these aspects from a realistic, transnational and global aspectFigure 1.0 Table comparing border roles, perception and importance from three aspects(Moraczewska, pg 333)From Moraczeskas confuse it is clear that from a realistic, technical view, borders serve as an element of nationality and separation. It acts as a barrier against threats, the border acts to fragment regions with the aid of infrastructure made for securitization purposes and mobilisation at the borders. At a transnational perspective, borders still play the role of fragmenting regions notwithstanding its not a solid dividing line. Its considered permeable where theres a gradual abolition of infrastructure which opens up flows of goods, money and battalion.Globally, the borders are perceived as international markets. Theyre viewed as a realistic line, a line only seen on a map but dont exist for global markets which reinforces the concept of the world as a whole becoming borderless. We can also see that globally, the importance of a border is downplayed. Its not viewed as a barrier but as a unifier for international flows. The border functions as a mixed market system and legal system. So the border is still connected with a territory but its function changes in the way that it divides one zone (economically, monetary, politically) from another but its not related to a nation-state but to a market. Borders between these different zones can be sources of profits/benefits or losses therefore, the idea of a borderless world isnt completely true even from a global perspective (Moraczeska, pg 334-336).Whereas borders seem to be more porous when it comes to trade, U.S borders are becoming more securitized when it comes to immigration. After the terrorist attacks September 11, 2001, the U.S (and multiple other states) has become determined to gain more control over their external borders. The USA has reinforced visa requirements and immigration procedures to control international movemen t of people. The US has also began wind of hundreds of miles of fencing along its border with Mexico. This process doesnt only restrict material flow from Mexico to USA but also cuts off thousands of people who benefited from rail line opportunities (Newman, pg 149). Many other nations around the world such as Thailand, Uzbekistan, Iran, Brazil, Botswana, Spain have also strengthened their existing border barriers (Alexander and Hagen, pg 1197-1198).U.S.As border strengthened since the 2002 hearing. During this hearing, engineering science experts were asked to find a way to fight the war on terror using risk write techniques. Two years from this hearing, the US Department of fatherland Security announced a $10 billion project (US VISIT) to restructure and manage US air, land and seaport of entry security. According to Accenture, this project is intentional to operate far beyond US boundaries enabling Homeland Security to assess security risks of all US-bound travellers, preve nting potential threats from reaching the US borders. This biometric border brings extends the governments ability to examine and govern multiple aspects of daily life. The US VISIT political program acts against the idea of porous international borders that are open for business. It objectifies and categorizes people as subjects and breaks them up into predictable risk factors for him or herself (e.g gender is taken as a possible risk factor for the subject) or to others (e.g illegal immigrants) (Louise, pg 339). This programme creates multiple boarders even within USA itself. In 2003, Accenture organized workshops for American citizens suggesting that well intentioned Americans should volunteer to help fight the war on terror however, insinuations of citizen profiling for the other ethnicities in America such as Arab Americans are never questioned for being more racial and ethnic targeting. This creates a divide between ethnicities within USA (Louise, pg 346).Even though the U.S and other nations around the world have become more open to trade, borders between nations still exist and impact trade flows. The border between USA and Canada has large impacts on the trade flow and prices between the two nations. It can be seen that if two neighboring countries such as these still have border impacts despite the banishing of a lot of barriers and tariffs, countries trading from further will be faced with border impacts as well. This proves the idea of globalization making the world borderless irrelevant. We also saw that borders can be viewed differently and can have different roles. Borders viewed from a global aspect tend to play an integrative role were as from a realistic and transnational perspective, they take on a dividing role. Borders cannot be viewed from a single perspective they continue to function differently in different scales. Throughout this paper it was also established that borders arent just the markings or fences that separate one nation fro m another, virtual borders within countries (e.g USA) can be formed and are being formed. Therefore, it cannot be argued that the world is becoming borderless. Rather, borders are transforming.BibliographyAmoore, Louise. Biometric Borders Governing Mobilities in the War on Terror. Political geography 25.3 (2006) 336-51. Political Geopgraphy, 2006. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.Ceglowski, Janet. Has Globalization Created a Borderless World? Bangkok John Stirling for The Nation, 1973. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.Diener, Alexander, and Joshua Hagen. Theorizing Borders in a Borderless World Globalization, Territory and Identity. WILEY Online Library. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 18 Mar. 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2014.Moraczewska, Anna. The Chnaging Interpretation Of Border Functions In International Relations. Revista Romn De Geografie Politic XII.2 (2010) 329-40. University in Lublin, 23 Nov. 2010. 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